Cranial Nerves
Special Senses
Vision
ANS
MISC
100
Name two cranial nerves responsible for movement of the tongue.
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
100
Name the type(s) of energy/stimuli involved in each of the special senses.
Smell – odorants (volatile chems)
Taste – tastants (dissolved chems)
Hearing – sound vibrations
Static balance – gravity
Dynamic balance – momentum
Vision – photons (light)
100
Name the special sense that uses photoreceptors.
vision
100
Name the two motor divisions of the PNS & describe their general functions.
somatic NS - controls voluntary skeletal muscles
autonomic NS – controls involuntary smooth & cardiac muscles & glands
100
Identify the brain lobe(s) that contains each of the following functional areas:
Olfactory cortex
Hearing cortex
Somatosensory cortex
Gustatory cortex
Visual cortex
Olfactory cortex - Frontal lobe
Hearing cortex - Temporal lobe
Somatosensory cortex - Parietal lobe
Gustatory cortex - Insula & Parietal lobe
Visual cortex - Occipital lobe
200
List two functions of the Vagus Nerve.
motor function - regulate heart rate, swallowing, speech etc. (via innervation of visceral organs (heart, abdominal organs + soft palate, larynx, pharynx)
sensory function - taste via posterior 1/3 of tongue, visceral somatosensory stimuli (stretch, temperature, pain, etc.)
200
Name two special senses that rely on mechanically gated receptor signaling pathways.
Balance & hearing
200
Name the structures noted below:
A = lens
B = cornea
200
Briefly describe the difference between:
hyperpolarization
depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization – K+ is moved first, turns cell off
depolarization – Na+ is moved first, turns cells on
repolarization occurs AFTER depolarization, K+ is moved second & sets up conditions for Na/K pump to reestablish RMP
200
Name the receptor type that would be found on the:
skeletal muscles
nicotinic receptors (always stimulated when receiving ACh)
300
Name the cranial nerve noted below & list its target(s) & general function(s):
Abducens Nerve (CN VI) targets the lateral rectus extrinsic eye muscles to abduct the eye, or move it to the side.
300
Name the structure noted below:
incus (second of the three ear ossicles)
300
Name and describe the functions of the two types of photoreceptors.
Cones – fine/sharp, color focus – concentrated in the fovea centralis, fewer in macula lutea
Rods – peripheral vision, sensitive in low light – few in macula lutea, concentrated in peripheral areas
300
Name the neurotransmitter(s) released by ALL:
somatic motor neurons
&
pre-ganglionic neurons
acetylcholine (ACh)
300
Name the sympathetic receptor type that would be found on the:
GI tract smooth muscle
sympathetic would want to inhibit GI motility, so...
beta-adrenergic receptors (recall: 'betas block')
400
Name the cranial nerve highlighted in blue & list its origin(s) & general function:
Optic Nerve (CN II) originates from the retina and carries sensory impulses for vision to the brain.
400
Name the three structures noted:
A = semicircular canals
B = vestibule
C = cochlea
400
Name the two types of smooth muscles of the eye & describe their unique functions.
Iris – controls light
Ciliary body – controls shape of lens for focusing
400
Name the neurotransmitters used to communicate with all:
A) parasympathetic effector organs
B) sympathetic effector organs
A) parasympathetic – ACh
B) sympathetic – NE/EPI
400
Name the sympathetic receptor type that would be found on the:
salivary glands
sympathetic would inhibit saliva production, so...
beta-adrenergic receptors (recall: 'betas block')
500
Name the cranial nerve noted below & list its target(s):
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) targets the extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids & iris.
500
Label the structures noted:
A = foliate papillae
B = circumvallate papillae
C = fungiform papillae
filiform papillae are found all over, are small & provide friction only
500
Name and describe the location, function, & viscosities of the two humors of the eye.
aqueous humor – fluid anterior to lens, circulates, nourishes, cleans, determines IOP
vitreous humor – gel-like substance posterior to lens, supports retina & lens
500
Name the parasympathetic receptor types that would be found on the:
GI tract smooth muscle
parasympathetic would stimulate GI motility, so…
muscarinic receptors
500
Name the sympathetic receptor type that would be found on the:
smooth muscle of blood vessels serving GI tract
sympathetic would want to reduce blood flow to GI via vasoconstriction, so...
alpha-adrenergic receptors (recall: 'alphas activate')
600
Name the cranial nerve noted below & list its targets & general function(s):
Accessory Nerve (CN XI) targets the trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles to move the head/neck.
600
Name the gelatinous “membrane” where hair cells are embedded:
dynamic equilibrium
hearing
static equilibrium
hearing = tectorial membrane
static balance = otolith membrane
dynamic balance = cupula
600
Name the cell types noted:
A = photoreceptors
B = bipolar cells
C = ganglion cells
600
Explain how beta-blocker drugs work & which types of patients would be prescribed these medications.
Beta-blocker drugs will block type 1 beta-adrenergic receptors on the heart in order to inhibit fight or flight/sympathetic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine).
Patients with irregular heart rates (ex: A-fib), hypertension, anxiety or other conditions may be prescribed these drugs in order to keep the heart rate from getting too high when under stress.
600
Name the specific structure in the eye responsible for ACCOMMODATION & briefly describe its function.
The LENS allows the eye to FOCUS on things at varying distances by changing its shape.
Not to be confused with ADAPTATION, which involves how the eye adjusts to varying light levels. It will either dilate or constrict the iris (pupil) OR it will increase or decrease the sensitivity to light via up or downregulating the photopigments in the retina.