Unit 1
What are 2 primary causes of anemia?
Decreased amount of hemoglobin (e.g. iron-deficiency anemia) & abnormal structure (e.g. sickle cell disease)
What is the difference between acquired and innate immunity?
Innate: non-specific; same response to all pathogens.
Acquired: specific; individual response based on unique antigens.
To increase GFR, the afferent arteriole _______ & the efferent arteriole _______.
Dilates, constricts.
What does pancreatic amylase break down?
Carbohydrates.
In a hypernatremic solution, what would happen to the cells?
Cell crenation (shrivels).
List the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle.
Ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation.
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
Regulation of interstitial fluid, absorption of fats from GI tract, immunity (transport of lymph).
List the 3 pressures that make up net filtration pressure.
Describe the difference between micelles & chylocmicrons.
Micelles are made up of bile salts to help transport monoglycerides.
Chylomicrons are made up of phospholipids to help transport triglycerides.
What moves out of the descending limb of juxtamedullary nephrons?
Water via aquaporins.
List the 5 steps of hemostasis.
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis.
Explain why, despite his best efforts to stay home a second week after letting his friend with a cold sneeze on him, Gerald did not get as sick the second time.
Secondary immune response is faster and more powerful due to memory cells.
What is incontinence?
A lack of control of the bladder muscles, leading to involuntary release of urine & feces.
Common in women who have undergone vaginal birth, babies & young children with underdeveloped sensory pathways, & older adults.
Describe the anatomy of a sperm.
Head with the acrosome and DNA, midpiece with mitochondria for energy, tail.
How does emphysema affect patients?
Less alveoli, less structure so they overfill and it becomes hard to exhale.
Obstructive & restrictive disorder. Bronchioles collapse with exhalation.
How do you calculate cardiac output?
CO=HRxSV
(SV=EDV-ESV)
As bronchioles dilate and bring in more air, what happens to the capillaries?
The capillaries dilate to allow for more gas exchange of oxygen to the blood and CO2 to be expired.
What are 3 ways the body compensates for acidosis?
Increasing respiratory rate & depth, increasing bicarbonate reabsorption, increasing H+ secretion into glomerular filtrate.
How do birth control pills work to prevent pregnancy?
They contain estrogen & progesterone to inhibit LH & FSH, preventing ovulation.
Why is calcium important to maintain our heartbeat?
Calcium prolongs the refractory period, allowing for maximal contraction each beat, additional regulation of contraction strength, prevents tetany, and allows cardiomyocytes to relax & refill.
List 2 factors that can affect peripheral resistance in blood vessels.
Vessel diameter, viscosity, vessel length, obstructions.
How is transporting oxygen different from transporting carbon dioxide?
Oxygen attaches to the iron on the heme group of hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide travels on the peptide chains of hemoglobin. CO2 is extremely soluble compared to oxygen and can more easily travel through the blood.
List 3 mechanisms of how angiotensin II increases blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole, vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels, reabsorption of Na+ & Cl- from the proximal tubule causing H2O to follow, promotes aldosterone release, stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus.
List the functions of goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells, & DNES cells.
Goblet cells secrete mucus to protect the GI lining.
Parietal cells produce HCl to break down food.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen which is activated into pepsin which breaks down protein.
DNES cells secrete gastrin & histamine to activate parietal & chief cells.
Draw 3 ways in which complement aids the immune system.
Cell lysis (MAC), activate basophils, neutralize viruses, opsonization (enhanced phagocytosis), & clear immune complexes.