Special Senses Anatomy
The ciliary body produces this substance
Aqueous humor
This lobe contains the visual cortex
Occipital Lobe
These 3 are the cell types of the pancreatic islets
Bonus 200 points: name the substance produced by each of the 3 cell types
Bonus 300 points: name the 4th cell type
Alpha, beta, delta
Bonus 200 points: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
Bonus 300 points: gamma cells (aka F cells); Pancreatic Polypeptide
These 2 amino acid-derived hormones are made from tyrosine
T4 (thyroxine, aka tetra-iodothyronine) and T3 (tri-iodothyronine)
This structure in the ovary secretes progesterone after ovulation has occurred
Corpus luteum
This structure is responsible for refracting ~80% of light onto the retina
The cornea
This lobe contains the olfactory cortex
Temporal lobe
Describe the difference between endocrine and paracrine signaling
Paracrine – hormone is secreted from a cell and doesn’t go into the blood, but stays within tissue and acts on neighboring cells
Endocrine – hormones → blood → target
This class of hormones is derived from cholesterol
Steroid
This growth hormone disorder results in thickening of bones and soft tissues
Acromegaly
The 4 types of lingual papillae
Circumvallate, fungiform, filiform, foliate
These 3 cranial nerves are involved in the gustatory pathway
Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
CN VII (Facial) - taste from anterior 2/3 tongue + salivary gland function
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) - taste from posterior 1/3 tongue
CN X (Vagus) - taste from pharynx & epiglottis (behind the tongue)
Describe the major differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
Anterior = glandular tissue; synthesizes hormones and secretes them in the bloodstream
Posterior = neural tissue; extension of hypothalamus; only stores/secretes hormones & cannot synthesize them
Describe 1 difference between T3 and T4 (other than the number of iodine atoms) and 1 similarity
T4 = longer half life; inactive form; storage form
T3 is the “active” version (faster acting, more potent); directly regulates metabolism and energy production without requiring conversion
Both produced in thyroid gland
Both regulated by TSH
Both can exert negative feedback on hypothalamus/anterior pituitary
These 3 are the tissues/organs that parathyroid hormone acts on to increase serum calcium
Bone
Kidneys-Reabsorbs Ca and activates vitamin D
Intestines-Increases Ca absorption (in response to activated vit D)
These 3 are the auditory ossicles
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Also, Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
Signals from the hair cells in the semicircular canals travel through this nerve to reach the cerebellum
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
(the vestibular branch of CN VIII)
Name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis
Remember: GFR
This type of hormone requires a 2nd messenger to activate its target cell
Bonus 100 points: name an example of a second messenger
Peptide hormones
Bonus 100 points: cAMP
These 3 phases are part of the General Adaptation Syndrome model of stress
1st phase: Alarm
2nd phase: Resistance
3rd phase: Exhaustion
These cells make new olfactory receptor cells
Basal cells
BOTH TEAMS: Diagram the path of sound as it passes from external structures through internal structures (including the sensory receptors). Must include ALL anatomy that encounters the sensory info in the correct order for credit
Sound: auricle, ear canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea & associated fluids (perilymph/endolymph), hair cells/stereocilia, round window
BOTH TEAMS: list or diagram/label all 10 primary/mixed endocrine glands we discussed in class
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testes
Ovaries
BOTH TEAMS: Name the 7 hypothalamic tropic hormones and their associated anterior pituitary hormones
PRH - prolactin
PIH (dopamine) - prolactin
TRH - TSH
CRH - ACTH
GHRH - GH
GHIH (somatostatin) - GH
GnRH - LH/FSH
Excessive dehydration and acetone breath characterize this endocrine crisis
Diabetic ketoacidosis