The claim that an idea, product, or person must be untrustowthy because of its racial, geographic, or ethnic orgin.
What is a Genetic Fallacy
100
If X is true for A
X is true for B
X is true for C
Therefore, X is true for D, E, F, G, etc.
What is Hasty Generalization or Dicto Simpliciter?
100
The Volkswagon Beetle is an evil car because it was orginally designed by Hitler's army.
What is Genetic Fallacy?
100
Argument Toward the Man Fallacy or Poisoning the Well
What is Argumentum Ad Hominem
100
These errors occur because the logician leaves out necessary material in an argument or misdirects others from missing information.
What is a Fallacy of Omission?
200
This line of thought asserts that a premise must be true because people have always believed it or done it. Alternatively, it may conclude that the premise has always worked in the past and will thus always work in the future.
What is Appeal to Tradition
200
Person A presents argument
Person B distorts argument and refutes it
What is Straw Man Fallacy?
200
George Bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.
What is Circular Argument?
200
Argument to the People
What is Argumentum Ad Populum
200
These fallacies appeal to evidence or examplses that are not relevant to the argument at hand.
What is Fallacies of Relevance?
300
Using an appeal to popular assent, often by arousing the feelings and enthusiasm of the multitude rather than building an argument.
What is Argument to the People (Bandwagon)
300
X is claiming Y
X has characteristic Z
Therefore, Y is not true.
What is Personal Attack or Ad Hominem?
300
I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick.
(In this example, the author assumes that if one event chronologically follows another the first event must have caused the second.)
What is Post hoc ergo propter hoc? After this, therefore because of this.
300
Argument from the Negative or the Either/Or Fallacy
Also, APPeal to Lack of Evidence
What is Argumentum Ad Ignorantium
300
These fallacies are errors in inductive and deductive reasoning or in syllogistic terms that fail to overlap.
What are Component Fallacies?
400
If writers assume as evidence for their argument the very conclusion they are attempting to prove. The first claim is initially loaded with the very conclusion one has yet to prove.
What is Begging the Question? (Circular Reasoning)
400
Person A makes claim X about person B
Person B points out that claim X is also true of Person A
Therefore, X is irrelevant, false, and A is a hypocrite.
What is Tu Quo que or And You Too Fallacy?
400
The level of mercury in seafood may be unsage, but what will fishers do to support their families?
(In this example, the author switches the discussion away from the safety of the food and talks instead about an economic issue, the livelihood of those catching fish.)
What is a Red Herring?
400
It does not follow.
What is Non Sequitur
400
These errors occur with fallacies that have words or phrases with multiple, doubtful, or uncertain interpretations which shift or change in the course of discussion. Such more or less subtle changes can render arguments fallacious.
What are Fallacies of Ambiguity?
500
When the speaker argues that, once the first step is undertaken, a second or third step will inevitably follow.
What is the Slippery Slope Fallacy?
500
If X accepts P as true then Q
Q is punishment on X
Therefore, P is not true
What is Argument Ad Baculum or Might-Makes-Right
500
Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies.
(In this example, the author doesn't even name particular strategies Green Peace has suggested, much less evaluate those strategies on their merit.)
What is Ad Hominem or Personal Attack?
500
After this, therefore because of this
What is Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
500
Statements that might sound resonable or superficially true but are actually flawed or dishonest are known as _______________