Intro to Basic Concepts
____ means toward the midline, and ____ means away from the midline
Adduction; Abduction
___ is pressure inside the lungs. Why is it important?
Alveolar pressure; aids in gas exchange in lungs and is responsible for pressure differentials which are essential for producing effective speech
What are the two projections at the base of the arytenoid cartilages?
Cuneiform cartilages or vocal processes
List the cranial bones and identify the ones that are bilateral
Temporal (bilateral), Parietal (bilateral), occipital, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid
Name and describe the different types of anatomy
Surface Anatomy, gross anatomy, descriptive anatomy, microscopic anatomy
Name and describe the 3 types of connective tissue
Tendons, ligaments and aponeurosis; Tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone or bone to cartilage, and aponeurosis are a thin sheath that act as tendons (shock-absorbers); rectus sheath is an example of an aponeurosis
Describe the difference between the pulmonary apparatus and the chest wall
Pulmonary apparatus: comprised of the lungs and lower airways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)
Chest wall: Comprised of the rib cage wall, diaphragm, abdominal wall, and abdominal content
What structure separates the true vocal folds from the false vocal folds and what is its function?
Laryngeal ventricle; equipped with glands that secrete mucous which help to lubricate the vocal folds for producing a smooth mucosal wave (movement).
What structures make complete contact with the postural pharyngeal wall for adequate pressure generation?
Velum and the tongue
List the seven stages of spoken communication in order
Neural, muscular, structural, aeromechanical, acoustic, auditory-mechanical, sensory, neuro-perceptual
What are the four subsystems that make up the speech system? What are the three hearing subsystems?
Velopharyngeal-Nasal, Pharyngeal-oral, Laryngeal, and Respiratory; Outer, middle, and inner ear
Name the sequence of the vertebral column going superior to inferior, and the # of vertebrae found in each area.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 5 coccygeal- didn't include this one on quiz)
Define fundamental frequency and effective mass and how they relate.
Fundamental frequency is the rate of vocal fold vibration (perceptually perceived as pitch); Effective mass describes that the vibration of the vocal folds may be limited to a length of the tissue that is less than their full length; If you decrease the effective mass, fundamental frequency increases (vice versa)
Name the movements that change velopharyngeal port size
Velum elevates; lateral pharyngeal walls move inward and upward; posterior pharyngeal walls move forward; all occur simultaneously
What are the main variables that influence laryngeal structure and function?
Age and gender
Name the different tissue types and where they are located
Epithelial- (Stratified squamous- typically found on the skin/surface of the body, but is also located on the anterior part of the vocal folds; pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar-lines upper respiratory airways and moves mucus); muscle tissue; nervous tissue (brain); connective tissue
Name and describe the 4 types of lung volumes
Tidal volume: Vol. of air inspired or expired; Inspiratory reserve volume: Max. vol. of air inspired from tidal end-inspiratory level (peak of tidal vol.); Expiratory reserve volume: Max. vol. of air that can be expired from the tidal end-expiratory level (trough of the tidal vol. cycle); Residual volume: Vol. of air remaining in the pulmonary apparatus at the end of a max. voluntary expiration
What do the lateral cricoarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles have in common, and how do they differ?
Equally responsible for controlling the movment of the vocal folds; Lateral cricoarytenoid rock arytenoid cartilages toward the midline (adducts), while the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles rocks them away from the midline (abducts).
Name and describe the pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Superior constrictor, middle constrictor, inferior constrictor (thryopharyngeus (upper); cricopharynxgeus (lower)); Pull posterior pharyngeal walls forward and lateral walls forward and inward
Sudden explosive burst- called a glottal stop-plosive; stop-plosive consonants include: /p/, /t/, and /k/; requires blocking of airstream by full adduction of vocal folds
Name all of the directional terms and planes (including their interchangeable terms).
Anterior/posterior (Ventral/dorsal); excluding cerebral hemispheres); Medial/laterial; Superior/Inferior (rostral/caudal); Proximal/Distal (Rostral/caudual...) Bilateral (both sides), Ipsilateral (same side), and contralateral (opposite sides); Superficial/deep (external/internal); Planes: Coronal/frontal; Transverse/horizontal; Sagittal; oblique
Name and describe the 4 types of lung capacities
Inspiratory capacity: Max. vol. of air that can be inspired from the resting tidal end-expiratory level; Vital Capacity: Max. vol. of air that can be expired following a max. inspiration (or inspired following a max. expiration); Functional Residual Capacity: Vol. of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the resting tidal end-expiratory level; Total Lung Capacity: Vol of air in pulmonary apparatus at the end of a max. inspiration.
Name and describe the muscle groups above the hyoid bone and below the hyoid bone.
Infrahyoid: control relative position of hyoid bone from below; primarily responsible for moving the hyoid bone inferiorly and posteriorly during swallowing
Suprahyoid: Control relative position of hyoid bone from above; primarily responsible for moving the hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly during swallowing
Name and describe the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus, and paletopharyngeus; Salpingo and paleto pull lateral pharyngeal walls upward and inward while stylo widens the pharynx and pulls lateral walls outward.
Name the 3 major divisions of the pharynx and the boundaries between them.
Nasopharynx (hard palate); oropharynx (hyoid bone); laryngopharynx (base of cricoid cartilage)