Concepts & Problem Solving
A mental image or best example of a category
Prototype
What is the representative heuristic?
Judgement based on prototype
Identify the three stages of memory in order
sensory memory --> short term/working memory --> long term memory
Turning the word "friend" to "friendship" involves adding a what?
morpheme- the smallest unit that carries meaning
What is the serial position effect?
We can remember more easily words at the beginning or end of a list- we tend to forget the words in the middle.
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
What is heuristic?
What is framing?
The way something is worded can impact how people respond
Identify the three components to long term memory
1) encoding (getting information in)
2) storage (holding onto info)
3) Retrieval (getting information out)
What is syntax?
Rules for combining words so that sentences make sense in any given language
What are the differences between declarative/explicit memory and nondeclarative/implicit/procedural memory?
Declarative: controlled consciously/effortfully. memorizing and recalling information. episodic, semantic and working memory.
Nondeclarative: Controlled automatically or unconsciously. Procedural, priming, conditioning. Performing skills without recalling.
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Algorithm
Being afraid of shark attacks even though they're extremely unlikely to happen to us is an example of what?
Availability Heuristic
Episodic, semantic and working memory are all part of which category of memory? BONUS: which brain part(s) process this type of memory?
Declarative or Explicit.
Hippocampus/frontal lobe
In the word "tree" t, r, and ee are examples of what?
phonemes- the smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language
In short term memory, how many digits can the average person recall?
7 ( + or - 2)
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Insight
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Functional Fixedness
Isabelle can remember her past, but due to a traumatic brain injury cannot form new memories. What is she suffering from?
anteretrograde amnesia
Genie wasn't able to form understandable speech because she didn't develop language during what?
The critical period (0-7 years)
What are the two types of sensory memory? Explain them.
Iconic (visual) stored for 1/2 second
Echoice (auditory) stored for 3-4 seconds
Name three components of creativity
Expertise
Imaginative thinking skills
Venturesome personality
Intrinsic motivation
Creative Environment
What is a mental set?
The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
What are three examples of ways to move information from your short term to long term memory?
Chunking, deep processing/elaborative rehearsal, mnemonic devices, self referencing, space/distributed practice, etc.
Compare Whorf and Chomsky's theories of language acquisition- what are their major differences?
Whorf: we are born as a "blank slate" and acquire language through learning (reinforcement, observational learning, conditioning, etc) linguistic determinism
Chomsky: We are born with language acquisition devices/an innate knowledge of grammar that allow us to learn language. Universal grammar.
When the synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation (learning, rehearsal, practice) this is what?
Long term potentiation