psychoactive drugs
A drug that increases central nervous system activity belongs to which category?
Stimulants.
Which brain structure is essential for coordination and balance?
Cerebellum.
Which lobe primarily processes visual information?
Occipital lobe.
What is the approximately 24-hour biological cycle that regulates sleep and wakefulness?
Circadian rhythm.
What sleep disorder involves persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep?
Insomnia.
After repeated caffeine use, the same dose produces less alertness. Name this phenomenon.
Tolerance.
Which structure relays most sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus.
Which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal lobe.
Which sleep stage is associated with sleep spindles and K-complexes?
NREM-2 (N2).
A sleeper repeatedly stops breathing briefly at night. Identify the disorder.
Sleep apnea.
A person feels shaky and irritable after suddenly stopping a regularly used substance. What is this called?
Withdrawal.
Which brain structure helps regulate hunger, thirst, and body temperature?
Hypothalamus.
A stroke leaves a person able to understand language but struggling to produce fluent speech. Which area is likely damaged?
Broca’s area (usually in the left frontal lobe).
Which sleep stage features prominent delta waves?
NREM-3 (N3), deep slow-wave sleep.
A person has sudden sleep attacks and sometimes loses muscle tone during strong emotions. What disorder is suggested?
Narcolepsy (with cataplexy).
A drug alters sensory perception, causing a person to see patterns that are not present. Identify the drug category.
Hallucinogens.
After an injury, someone cannot form new explicit memories. Which structure is likely damaged?
Hippocampus.
Which area processes touch and body sensations, and in which lobe is it found?
Somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe.
During which sleep stage are vivid dreams common and skeletal muscles largely paralyzed?
REM sleep.
After being deprived of REM sleep, a person spends more time in REM on later nights. Name this phenomenon.
REM rebound.
A patient takes a medication that binds to opioid receptors for pain relief. Identify the drug category and one major risk.
Opioids; highly addictive
A person reacts with intense fear to a threatening stimulus. Name the structure strongly involved in processing fear and the structure responsible for basic breathing and heart-rate regulation.
Amygdala (fear) and medulla (breathing and heart rate).
A person loses voluntary control of their right hand after damage to the left cerebral hemisphere. What area is likely involved.
left primary motor cortex.
A student is exposed to bright light late at night. Name the hormone involved and what happens with it.
Melatonin is supressed or delayed.
During a sleep study, a person physically acts out vivid dreams because normal REM muscle paralysis is absent. Identify the disorder and explain how it differs from typical REM sleep.
REM sleep behavior disorder; typical REM sleep limits movement.