Definitions
Define Nature vs. Nurture
What is the controversy if human personality traits and behaviors are inherited genetically (nature), or they are developed from environmental factors (nurture)
Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment had this as its conditioned response
What is salivating
Important aspects of the Psychoanalytic perspective
What are Freud‘s ideas of the conscious, unconscious, and pre/subconscious, personality is formed during childhood up until abut 5-6 years old. Id (Devil), Superego (Angel), and Ego(Result), Defense mechanisms that protect us from anxiety and guilt
Individualism vs. Collectivism
What is a cultural pattern that emphasizes people’s own goals over group goals and defines identity mainly in terms of unique personal attributes (Individualism) and a cultural pattern that prioritizes the goals of important groups (Collectivism)
Sigmund Freud created these to protect us from anxiety and guilt
What are Defense Mechanisms
Define Authoritative parenting
What are parents that are demanding and responsive. The set rules but encourage open discussions and allow exceptions without repercussions
This could be learned about perceived power from the Stanford Prison Experiment
What is how situational factors - this case being a guard with authority - can influence behavior and even override personality
Important aspects of the Humanistic perspective
What is self actualization and Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization, self transcendence, Carl Rogers Self concept, congruence and incongruence, Unconditional Positive regard: We are born with the need to be accepted by others and ourselves
Tight Culture vs. Loose Culture
What is a place with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms (tight culture) and a place with flexible and informal norms (loose culture)
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa created this Five-Factor Method of Personality with these 5 traits
What is Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
Define the Fundamental Attribution error
What is when people tend to explain the behavior of others by attributing their behavior to internal, personal characteristics, while underestimating or ignoring the effects of external, situational factors.
This idea was proven through the Little Albert study - making him afraid of other objects that were white and furry
What is generalization
Important aspects of the Behavioral perspective
What are explaining behaviors are learned through associations. Behaviors are learned as the result of operant consequences such as reinforcements and punishments. Behaviors are learned by watching and imitating others in observational or social learning.
Cross-Sectional Study vs. Longitudinal Study
What is research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time (Cross-Sectional) and research that follows and retests the same people over time (Longitudinal)
Albert Bandura’s concept is defined by (1) a person’s characteristics, (2) a person’s behavior, and (3) the environment
What is Reciprocal Determinism
Define Operant conditioning
What is a type of learning in which behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur is followed by a punisher
The murder of Kitty Genovese prompted an experiment that proved this about responsibility
What is that as the number of people in a group increases, people assume that someone else will help (bystander effect)
Important aspects of the Biological perspective
What are explaining that behaviors and mental processes are influenced by the nervous system. Neurotransmitters (brain chemicals), hormones, and nervous system activity, Genes inherited from one’s parents, medicine helps treat mental illness
Explicit memory vs. Implicit memory
What is the retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare (Explicit) and retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (Implicit)
Walter Cannon observed that organisms strive to maintain this by reducing internal states of tension (also known as drives)
What is Homeostasis
Define the Schachter Singer or Two-Factor Theory of the experience of emotions
What Robbers Cave experiment was mainly testing
What is looking at how conflict developed between groups and what does and doesn’t work to reduce conflict
Important aspects of the Sociocultural perspective
What are mental processes are influenced by ethnicity, religion, gender, language, nationality, and economic status and norms associated
Retrograde amnesia vs. Anterograde amnesia
What is the loss of memories before the injury (Retrograde) and the inability to create new memories memories (Anterograde)
Erik Erikson’s 5th stage of development at 13-21 years old is this
What is Identity vs. Role Confusion