Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement Schedules
Observational Learning
Cognitive Learning
100
This Russian physiologist discovered this type of learning while studying digestion in dogs.
Who Ivan Pavlov?
100
This man coined the term operant conditioning and is the best known psychologist to research this form of learning. He is known for his namesake box which he used in his research of animal learning.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
100
This refers to a schedule in which a behavior is rewarded each time it is performed. This is the best method for rapidly teaching a new behavior.
What is continuous reinforcement?
100
This is the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
What is modeling?
100
The sudden appearance of an answer or solution to a problem. An example of this is when you walk out of the classroom after taking a test and suddenly remember what the answer was for a question you left blank.
What is Insight?
200
This is the original stimulus that elicits a natural, reflexive response. In Pavlov's experiment, this refers to food which causes dogs to naturally salivate.
What is the unconditioned stimulus?
200
In operant conditioning this refers to anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur. The positive form of this refers to the addition of something pleasant. The negative form refers to the removal of something unpleasant.
What is a reinforcer/ reinforcement?
200
This schedule refers to when reinforcement is delivered after a set number of responses. For example, a restaurant gives you a free meal after the purchase of ten meals.
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
200
This observational psychologist studied what would happen if a child observed an adult hitting a Bobo doll (they are creepy). After watching the adults the children also took their anger out on the doll, often repeating the same phrases and actions as the adults.
Who is Albert Bandura?
200
The learning in the absence of rewards. This shows evidence of thinking in operant conditioning. Edward Tolman studied spatial learning by conducting maze experiments with rats.
What is Latent Learning?
300
This is the process of unlearning behavior. In terms of classical conditioning this process has taken place when the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response.
What is extinction?
300
This refers to affecting behavior by using negative consequences. By definition it is anything that makes behavior less likely. The positive form of this refers to the addition of something unpleasant. The negative form of this refers to the removal of something pleasant.
What is punishment?
300
Reinforcement is delivered after a behavior is performed following the passage of a variable amount of time. For example, you check for your mail when your letter carrier's schedule is unpredictable.
What is an interval variable schedule?
300
These are the two factors that make up the violence-viewing effect. One refers to children repeating/acting like what they observe. The other refers to gradual indifference to violence over time.
What are imitation and desensitization?
300
It involves understanding concepts such as tree or something similar rather than learning to simply press a bar or peck a dish to secure a reward. This has been observed in skinner boxes with animals.
What is Abstract learning?
400
The tendency to respond to similar conditioned stimuli. For example, the dogs in Pavlov's experiment may salivate to a number of bells not just the one with which they were trained.
What is generalization?
400
This is Edward Thorndike's principle that if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of behavior will increase.
What is the Law of Effect?
400
In this type of schedule reinforcement is delivered after a variable number of responses. For example, slot machines sometimes reward you with one pull and sometimes you win money only after hundreds of tries.
What is a variable ratio schedule ?
400
This refers to positive, constructive, helpful behavior. It is the opposite of antisocial behavior.
What is prosocial behavior?
400
A conditioned response that drifts back toward the more natural (instinctual) behavior of the organism. Wild trainers must stay vigilant because of this, after training their animals because the animals may revert to dangerous behaviors.
What is instinctual drift?
500
These two behavioral psychologists conditioned a little boy named Albert to fear a white rat. By repeatedly pairing the rat with a loud noise, they taught Albert to cry when he saw the rat. Albert also generalized and cried in response to other white, furry things such as a white rabbit and a man's white beard.
Who are John Watson and Rosalie Rayner?
500
The idea that the reinforcing properties of something depend on the situation. It explains that whichever of two activities is preferred can be used to reinforce the activity that is not preferred.
What is the Premack Principle?
500
This schedule refers to when reinforcement is delivered after a behavior is performed following the passage of a fixed amount of time. For example, you could go to lunch at a restaurant that opens promptly at noon.
What is a fixed interval schedule?
500
They are located in the premotor cortex and other portions of the temporal and parietal lobes that provide a biological basis for observational learning. These are activated not only when you perform an action, but also when you observe someone else perform a similar action.
What are mirror neurons?
500
This is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
What is learning?
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