🧠 Freud & the Unconscious
Who is the founder of the psychoanalytic approach?
Sigmund Freud
What are defense mechanisms designed to reduce?
Anxiety
Which two psychologists are most associated with the humanistic approach?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
What does the mnemonic CANOE (or OCEAN) represent?
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion
What term describes whether someone believes they control their own fate or that outside forces control it?
Locus of control (internal vs. external)
What are the 3 parts of personality according to Freud?
The id, ego, and superego
What defense mechanism involves making up a logical excuse for wrong behavior?
Rationalization
What is the highest level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualization/self-transcendence
Which personality test is widely used to identify psychological disorders?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
What is the spotlight effect?
The tendency to overestimate how much other people notice us
What term describes memories pushed into the unconscious because they are too painful?
Repression
What defense mechanism involves directing anger toward a safer target?
Displacement
What are the three conditions Carl Rogers believed were necessary for growth?
Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
What personality test sorts people into types based on Carl Jung’s ideas?
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
What is learned helplessness, and which type of locus of control is it associated with?
Learned helplessness is when a person believes they have no control over outcomes and gives up trying. It is associated with an external locus of control.
What is the difference between manifest content and latent content in dreams?
Manifest content is the remembered part of a dream and latent content is the hidden meaning that is not remembered.
Which defense mechanism turns unacceptable desires into their opposites?
Reaction formation
What is unconditional positive regard?
An attitude in which a person accepts themselves and others even if they have faults.
Which specific trait is linked to higher school grades and being a “morning person”?
Conscientiousness
What are the two types of outlooks on life people have called? (Positive and negative)
Optimistic & Pessimistic
What two methods did Freud use to try to access the unconscious mind?
Freud used free association and dream interpretation
What is the difference between repression and denial?
Repression pushes painful memories into the unconscious, while denial refuses to accept that a problem is real or serious
What are two criticisms of the humanistic perspective?
Humanism is criticized for being unscientific and subjective
What is person-situation controversy?
What’s more important, me as I am or me as others see me?
How do individualism and collectivism differ in how they define identity and values?
Individualism emphasizes personal goals, independence, and individual achievement. Collectivism prioritizes the group, belonging, and group-defined values over individual distinction.