Perception in Action
Most people see a cube rather than random lines because the brain fills in missing information according to this Gestalt principle.
Closure
Jordan is using this problem-solving method when she uses a step-by-step formula to solve a math problem.
Algorithm
This measure of retention is demonstrated when seeing oranges in the store triggers someone to remember that oranges were on their grocery list.
Recognition
Frank cannot remember any childhood memories before the age of three due to this normal type of forgetting.
Infantile Amnesia
A school counselor uses this type of test to determine which students are likely to succeed in an advanced algebra class next year.
Aptitude Test
While counting basketball passes, observers fail to notice a person in a gorilla costume walking through the scene due to this perceptual concept.
Inattentional Blindness
A student who insists a purchase was a good idea and ignores negative reviews is exhibiting this problem-solving obstacle.
Confirmation Bias
Students using this encoding strategy are more likely to remember more than those who cram before a test.
Distributed Practice/Spacing Effect
This memory challenge results in earlier learning interfering with one's memory of new information.
Proactive Interference
A student does well on vocabulary, math, and spatial reasoning questions across multiple intelligence tests. Psychologists would say these scores are influenced by this intelligence concept.
General Intelligence (g)
After reading a story about rabbits and turtles, participants are more likely to see animals in ambiguous images due to this perceptual concept.
Priming
A person choosing someone for directions because they “seem kind” is an example of relying on this mental shortcut.
Representativeness Heuristic
Joe remembers when he fell off of his bike as a child, which can be categorized as this type of memory.
Episodic Memory
This type of forgetting causes a person to believe that a joke came from a friend when it actually came from their mom.
Source Amnesia
A new intelligence test is given in quiet rooms, timed the same way, and scored using the same rules for every test-taker, fulfilling this principle for good test construction.
Standardization
This depth cue is lost when one eye is covered, even though relative size and linear perspective remain available.
Retinal Disparity
Struggling to think of new uses for tweezers because they are mentally stuck one their use as a grooming tool is an example of this problem-solving obstacle.
Functional Fixedness
This is described as repeated activation of neural pathways that makes recalling information faster over time.
Long-term Potentiation
This prevents a person from forming new memories after a traumatic brain injury.
Anterograde Amnesia
This phemomenon is evidenced by a comparison of IQ test scores from students tested in 1980 and students tested today, which shows that the modern group scores higher overall.
Flynn Effect
A child is using this type of processing when they see a dark object in the woods and assume it is dangerous based on past experiences with animals.
Top-down Processing
A project manager deciding on the most viable feature by weighing costs, user needs, and development time is using this type of thinking.
Convergent Thinking
Repeating a phone number silently until dialing it would require a person to use this type of memory.
Working memory
Due to this, a person may falsely remember being lost in a mall as children after a family member suggested it to them.
Misinformation Effect
A father performs worse at childcare after reading stereotypes about men as caregivers.
Stereotype Threat