The Need for Psychological Science
This cognitive bias is known as the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon.
What is hindsight bias?
This is the process of determining the best approach to conduct a study.
What is choosing a research design?
This process evaluates ideas using observation and analysis.
What is the scientific method?
This is the statistical measure of how two variables vary together.
What is correlation?
This is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers.
What is the mean?
This bias occurs when individuals overestimate their own abilities or knowledge.
What is overconfidence?
Giving participants enough information to decide whether to join a study is called this.
What is informed consent?
A researcher predicts that students who study in a quiet environment will perform better on tests than those who study with music. What is this testable prediction called?
What is a hypothesis?
When both variables move in the same direction, the correlation is called this.
What is a positive correlation?
The most frequently occurring number in a dataset is called this.
What is the mode?
A person believes carrying a lucky charm improves their chances of winning, even though there's no actual connection. This is an example of what phenomenon?
What is illusory correlation?
This type of research relies on numerical data.
What is quantitative research?
This type of study observes one individual or group in depth.
What is a case study?
Extreme scores tending to move toward the average over time illustrate this concept.
What is regression toward the mean?
In an experiment, every participant was between the age of 25 and 50, so the range was...
What is 25?
Science-based answers are more valid than those based on this.
What is common sense?
A hospital wants to test a new medication on patients. Before the trial begins, a group reviews the study to ensure that it meets ethical and safety standards. What is this group called?
What is the Institutional Review Board?
A polling company selects a group of 1,000 voters that reflect the demographics of the entire country to predict the outcome of an election. What is this group called?
What is a random sample?
A researcher is studying the effect of caffeinated drinks on the activity level of ten-year-old children. Half of the children drank caffeinated soda, and half drank noncaffeinated soda. Neither the research team nor the children knew which drinks had caffeine. The researchers were using what procedure?
What is a double-blind procedure?
A bell-shaped graph shows that most people’s IQ scores are near the average, with fewer people scoring extremely high or low. What is this graph called?
What is a normal curve?
After a football game, fans often claim they “knew all along” their team would win. This is an example of which bias?
What are hindsight bias?
After a study involving sleep deprivation, researchers sit down with participants to explain the study’s purpose and findings. This practice is known as what?
What is debriefing?
Carefully defining research variables is known as this.
What is an operational definition?
People believe they see patterns in random data, such as a streak of heads in coin flips. What statistical phenomenon does this illustrate?
What is illusory correlation?
A drug trial reports a p-value of 0.03, indicating that the results are unlikely due to chance. What is the maximum p-value threshold for results to be considered statistically significant?
What os 0.05?