History and Approaches to Psychology - Pt. 1
Which school of Psychology was based on the study of the unconscious mind?
Psychoanalysis
Which school of Psychology is most closely associated with Charles Darwin?
Evolutionary Psychology.
What are the two main types of research done in Psychology? How are they different?
Basic and Applied. Basic does not have immediate applications in the real world, applied is done to solve practical problems in society.
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
Effect where participants' behavior seems to be improved or changed simply because they are part of a study.
What is a frequency polygon? How is it different from a histogram?
Frequency polygons are line graphs, histograms are bar graphs.
What is Cognitive Psychology? Which psychologist is most associated with this school?
Focuses on how we interpret, process, and recall events. Jean Piaget.
According to Psychoanalysis, what is the name for the disorganized and instinctual part of our personalities?
The Id
What is stratified sampling?
When the researcher purposefully ensures that the sample is representative of certain criteria in the population.
What is a correlation? What do positive and negative correlations describe?
Correlation is a relationship between two variables. Positive correlation means the existence of A will predict the existence of B. Negative correlation means the existence of A will predict the absence of B.
What are the three measures of variability?
•Range describes the distance between the highest and lowest scores
•Variance describes the difference between scores and the mean of the scores
•Standard deviation is the square root of the variance, and shows the area of deviation within which most data sets fall
What is the first major school of Psychology and who is credited as its creator?
Structuralism and Wilhelm Wundt.
What is classical conditioning? Which psychologist and experiment are most associated with this?
When two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal - Ivan Pavlov - Pavlov's Dog
What is an ex post facto study? What is this study used to show?
A study where it is impossible to randomly assign participants to a particular condition (gender, race, etc.) and it is meant to show correlation.
What are demand characteristics? How is this different from social desirability?
Demand characteristics occur when a participant is cued into the purpose of a study and acts accordingly. Social desirability is when a participant responds in a way that makes them look better.
What is a z score? Why do we use it?
The distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation. It's used to compare scores from different distributions.
Which psychologist was most associated with 'self-actualization' and 'self-image'? What school was he a part of?
Carl Rogers. Humanism.
What is the school of Psychology most concerned with the operations of the mind rather than its contents? Who created this school?
Functionalism and William James
What is a field experiment? How is this different from naturalistic observation?
Field experiments are where experimenters alter variables in the environment and observe participants out in the world. Naturalistic observation requires no variables or manipulation by the experimenters.
What is a confounding variable? What are three specific types of confounding variables?
Any difference between the control and experimental conditions, besides the independent variable, that might impact the dependent variable. Participant-relevant, situation-relevant, and experimenter bias.
Descriptive statistics only describes a set of data in various ways, inferential statistics is used to show whether or not data can be applied to a larger population.
Who created Gestalt Psychology? What does Gestalt actually mean in its native German?
Max Wertheimer - "An organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts".
What are the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (In Order)?
Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization.
What are the 5 ethical concerns that researchers must keep in mind when studying humans?
•No Coercion – Participation must be voluntary
•Informed Consent – Participants cannot be greatly deceived about the fact that they are involved in research and what (general) sort of research this is
•Anonymity or Confidentiality – When the researchers do not collect any identifiable information about the participants, they are guaranteed anonymity, but when that is impossible, like in case or interview studies, they are guaranteed confidentiality (Anonymity means unknown to everyone, Confidentiality means known only to the researchers)
•Risk – Participants cannot be placed at great mental or physical risk. While they may be able to receive temporary discomfort, any long-lasting trauma may lead a case to become unethical
Debriefing – After the study is completed, participants need to be told the purpose of the study and have a way to
What are at least three ethical concerns that researchers must keep in mind when using animals as participants?
•The research must have a clear scientific purpose
•The research must answer a specific, important scientific question
•Animals chosen must be best-suited to answer the question at hand
•Researchers must acquire animal subjects legally. Animals must be purchased from accredited companies. If wild animals must be used, they need to be trapped in a humane manner
•Researchers must design experimental procedures that employ the least amount of sufferingfeasible.
What is a p value? Why is it useful?
It is the probability that the difference between control and experimental groups is due to chance. It's useful to show what is statistically significant.