Statistics
Ethics
Non-Experimental
Experiments
Developing Arguments
100
1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Is this the median, mode, mean, or range: 8 ?
Range (9-1)
100
Someone who is secretly working with the researcher but appears to be a regular participant in the study.
Confederate
100
What is this: Non-experimental research method looking at relationship between 2 variables
Correlational Study
100
What is the group called in an experiment that receives the treatment being tested?
Experimental group / treatment group
100
A hypothesis must be able to be proven wrong. What is this idea called?
Falsifiability
200
_____ allows us to GENERALIZE our results to the wider population.
Random sampling / random selection
200
A researcher submits their study proposal to the __________ to ensure that their experiment involving human participants follows ethical guidelines, including informed consent and protection from harm.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
200
Phone use is correlated with social anxiety. However, it's unclear which variable is causing the change in the other. What is the name of this problem?
Directionality problem
200
What is the group called in an experiment that does NOT receive the treatment?
Control Group / Control Condition
200
Here are 2 versions of a dependent variable:
Version 1: Academic performance
Version 2: Academic performance, measured by time taken to complete a quiz
What type of definition is Version 2?
Operational Definition: measurable & specific
300
Alex usually gets an 80 on his math test. But this time, he only got a 50. Next time, what is most likely to happen? What is this called?
Score closer to 80 again - move closer to average
Regression to the mean
300
If a researcher discusses his participants' stories at lunch with her colleagues, what ethical principle is she violating?
Confidentiality
300
True or False & WHY: If nicotine use is associated with higher anxiety levels, then nicotine causes anxiety.
FALSE. Correlation does not mean causation.
300
An experiment requires 2 things to be considered a "true" experiment. What are they?
1. Manipulation of variables (IV & DV)
2. Random assignment of subjects to different conditions (like spinning a wheel to assign to groups A or B)
300
Make a hypothesis for this question: Does a competitive environment cause success or failure?
Possible answers MUST be falsifiable:
Some psychologists found that competitive environments drive an individual to try hard and succeed because they are motivated to be the best.
Some psychologists found that competitive environments lead to individualistic mindsets that become toxic and can lead people to stop trying.
400
In this graph, is the mean closer to the left or the right? WHY?
The mean is closer to the left (or the lower values).
Reason: the mean is sensitive to extreme values, and the lower outliers pull it toward the tail.
400
What is debriefing, and why is it important?
Debriefing: Explaining the study to participants afterwards
Important to make sure participants understand any deception + give emotional support
400
What is this: When a third, confounding variable affects both of the correlated variables, leading to an illusory correlation
Give an example
Third-Variable Problem
Ice cream sales are correlated with drowning rates
A 3rd variable, hot weather, influences both
400
What is this: How much the experiment measures what it’s supposed to measure
How do we increase it?
Validity
Increased by using random assignment, controlling for confounding variables, using double-blind procedures
400
What happens if we don’t have Operational Definitions?
We can’t REPLICATE experiments
500
A researcher runs a study, and gets this result:
p-value = 0.03
What does this tell us about the study?
p-value of 0.03 is LESS THAN 0.05. This means the result is statistically significant
i.e. result is UNLIKELY to be by chance.
500
When using confederates, why is it important to have minimal deception?
Maintain ethical standards and ensure that participants' trust is not violated
500
Name 1 example of each: 1) Case Study 2) Meta-Analysis 3) Naturalistic Observation 4) Correlational Study 5) Experiment
- Case Study: Phineas Gage, who survived a severe brain injury - study effects on personality.
- Meta-Analysis: A study combining results from multiple experiments on effectiveness of therapy for depression.
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing children’s behavior on a playground without interfering to understand social interactions.
- Correlational Study: Research showing the relationship between hours of sleep and test scores in high school students.
- Experiment: Testing the effect of caffeine on reaction time by randomly assigning participants to a caffeine or placebo group.
500
We've learned about RANDOM ASSIGNMENT & RANDOM SAMPLING/SELECTION. What is the difference?
Random Assignment: putting ppl in groups randomly (experimental vs. control)
Random Sampling / Selection: getting a representative sample, so we can generalize findings to the population
500
A professor runs an experiment: if homework is printed on yellow paper, students will remember it better than if it is printed on white paper. To test this hypothesis, he puts the names of all his students into a bowl. Then, he draws out names to assign them to 2 different groups. This is a necessary procedure to make a study a REAL experiment. What is it called?
Random assignment: putting people in groups randomly.