Perception, Thinking, and Judgement
Introduction to Memory and Encoding Memories
Storing and Retrieving Memories
Forgetting and Other Memory Challenges
Intelligence and Achievement
100
Organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Perception
100
ROY G BIV and The Silly Monkeys Twirl Endlessly are examples of this
Mnemonics
100
Unconcious associations in memory
Priming
100
How short-term memories become long-term memories
Memory Consolidation
100
Billy Bobby is 12 years old and has a mental age of a 14 year old. What is his IQ?
117
200
Failing to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere
Inattentional Blindness
200
Processing that includes iconic memories (fleeting visual images) and echoic memories (auditory signals). Does not last very long and comes first in the multi-store model.
What is Sensory Memory?
200
Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
200
Failing to retrieve a term from memory combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent
Tip of the tongue effect
200
A person with otherwise limited ability has an exception with a specific skill, such as drawing. The existence of these people helps support Gardner's 8/9 Intelligence Theory
Savant
300
Recalling the first or most vivid example that comes to mind.
ex. People tend to overestimate the risk of shark attacks because there are more media stories and movies about them than there are actual attacks.
What is the Availability Heuristic?
300
A type of implicit memory which includes how to do repetitive, everyday tasks, such as tying your shoes or driving.
What is Procedural Memory?
300
Give the two terms described below
Identifying something previously learned, like on a multiple-choice test, where you see an option and recognize it as familiar.
Actively retrieving information without prompts, like trying to remember a list of items in order.
Recognition and Recall
300
In a study studying this effect, participants were asked to view a car crash and then asked two questions about it. Elizabeth Loftus found that the participants who had received the smashed question were more likely to write that the cars were going a faster speed than the participants who received the hit question
Misinformation Effect
300
The rise in intelligence test performance over time and across cultures
Flynn Effect
400
When given an example of two fallacies, name them:
1. Keeping an underperforming employee on staff because of the money spent training them
2. You flip a coin twice on heads, so you believe the next one will definitely be heads
What are the Sunk-Cost and Gambler's Fallacy?
400
A type of deep processing which involves converting sensory input into long-term memories by associating new information with existing knowledge and experience.
What is Semantic Encoding?
400
1. Inability to remember information previously stored in memory
2. Inability to form memory from new material
3. Inability of adults to recall early episodic memory
What are retrograde, anterograde, and infantile amnesia?
400
Learn Spanish -> Learn French -> Spanish interferes with recall of French words
Learn Spanish -> Learn French -> French interferes with recall of Spanish words
Which types of interference are these (in order)
Proactive and retroactive interference
400
1. The idea that overall intelligence is a compilation of different specific abilities
2. Ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease with age
3. Accumulated knowledges and verbal skills, tends to increase with age
1. General Intelligence (g)
2. Fluid Intelligence (Gf)
3. Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)
500
List all of the Gestalt principles shown in this image going from left to right. (Hint: for the AL, look at the gaps in between as well)
What are closure, proximity, similarity, and figure-ground?
500
1. Impersonal memories drawn from common knowledge
2. Using physical and visual characteristics to encode information
3. Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space and time
1. Semantic Memories
2. Structural Encoding
3. Automatic Processing
500
____ ---> ____ ---> ____ ---> ____
Fill in the blanks of the multi-store model and indicate which arrow encoding and retrieval failure occurs
External event, sensory memory, working/short-term memory, long-term storage
They occur on the third arrow (Working/Short Term Memory to Long-Term storage)
500
List the three types of dependent memory and explain what they are
1. State-Dependent: Recall experiences that are consistent with the state in which a person was at the time of encoding
2. Mood-Congruent: Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
3. Context-Dependent: the ability to recall information or events more easily when the context is the same during both encoding and retrieval
500
The three aspects of a good intelligence test are standardization, validity, and reliability. What are the two main types of reliability and the three main types of validity?
Reliability:
1. Split-Half
2. Test-Rest
Validity:
1. Content
2. Construct
3. Predictive