2.2
Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgments, and Decision-Making
Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgments, and Decision-Making
This mental “best example” we compare new information to. For example, “a robin” for the category “bird.”
What is a prototype?
This type of memory does not require conscious awareness and includes skills like riding a bike.
What is implicit memory?
When new information never gets into long-term memory because we weren’t paying attention, this has occurred.
What is encoding failure?
This memory system holds about 7 items for around 20 seconds without rehearsal.
What is short-term memory?
Returning to the same classroom where you studied can improve recall due to this retrieval principle.
What is context-dependent memory?
This type of test predicts future performance - such as the original SAT.
What is an aptitude test?
This short-cut strategy helps us make quick judgments, while its opposite - an algorithm - guarantees a solution but takes longer.
What is a heuristic?
This type of processing requires attention and conscious effort, like studying flashcards.
What is effortful processing?
This strategy groups information into meaningful units to improve memory; like phone numbers.
What is chunking?
Isabelle suffers from _______. She can remember her past but, due to a traumatic brain injury, cannot form new memories. What is she suffering from?
New information making it harder to remember old information - like forgetting your old password after learning a new one.
What is retroactive interference?
This concept refers to your score relative to others - e.g., scoring 90 means you did better than 90% of people.
What is percentile rank?
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Algorithm
This model proposes separate sensory, short-term, and long-term memory stores.
What is the multi-store / 3 stage model?
This effect shows that we best remember items at the beginning of a list because they were rehearsed more.
What is the primacy effect?
These extremely vivid, emotionally charged memories often feel permanently “etched” into the mind.
What are flashbulb memories?
This nonconscious activation of associations - such as seeing the word “yellow” making you think of “banana.”
What is priming?
This type of intelligence reflects accumulated knowledge that increases with age.
What is crystallized intelligence?
This tendency to stick to one way of solving a problem, or to think objects can only be used in traditional ways.
What is functional fixedness OR a mental set?
The three stages of memory in order are ________ to ________ to _____________.
What are: sensory memory --> short term/working memory --> long term memory ?
This spacing strategy improves long-term retention more than cramming.
What is distributed practice?
This very brief memory system includes iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) storage.
What is sensory memory?
The feeling of knowing something but not being able to say it.
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
This trend shows IQ scores rising across decades and generations.
What is the Flynn effect?
Being afraid of shark attacks even though they're extremely unlikely to happen to us is an example of what?
Availability Heuristic
A component of working memory that temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information, such as visualizing a route or mentally rotating an object.
What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad ?
A memory technique where you visualize a mental map (rooms, streets) to store information.
What is the method of loci?
This biological process stabilizes memories in long-term storage during sleep.
What is memory consolidation?
This classic graph by Ebbinghaus shows that most forgetting happens right away and then levels off.
What is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?
A measure of internal consistency where a test is divided into two halves, and the scores of the two halves are correlated to determine how well they measure the same concept.
What is Split-Half Reliability?
This fast-thinking error occurs when people mistakenly believe prior outcomes affect future ones, like thinking a coin “must” land heads after many tails.
What is the gambler’s fallacy?
The two types of sensory memory are _______ and ________.
What are Iconic (visual) stored for 1/2 second and Echoice (auditory) stored for 3-4 seconds?
A learning strategy where a skill or subject is practiced continuously in long, concentrated sessions with little to no rest.
What is Massed Practice?
This disease involves progressive memory decline due to deterioration of acetylcholine-producing neurons.
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
When misleading information changes or distorts your memory of an event.
What is the misinformation effect?
A theory of intelligence, developed by Robert Sternberg, proposes that intelligence consists of three distinct but interconnected parts: analytical, creative, and practical.
What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?
This type of thinking generates many creative solutions, while its counterpart narrows down to one best answer.
What is divergent thinking?
This strengthening of synapses is believed to be the neural basis for learning.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
We can remember more easily words at the beginning or end of a list - we tend to forget the words in the middle.
What is the serial position effect?
A memory strategy that involves connecting new information to existing knowledge to improve long-term retention.
What is elaborative rehersal?
A Freudian idea that the ego pushes painful memories out of awareness.
What is repression?
_______ is the degree to which a test or other measure accurately assesses the underlying theoretical concept it is intended to measure.
What is Construct Validity?
FINAL JEAPORDY QUESTION: The anxiety or stress experienced by individuals who fear confirming a negative stereotype about their social group, which can impair performance in a situation where that stereotype is relevant.
What is Stereotype Threat?