Developmental Foundations (3.1–3.2)
This debate asks whether traits stay the same or change over time.
What is stability vs. change?
The process of adding new information into an existing schema.
What is assimilation?
This attachment style involves distress when the caregiver leaves and comfort upon return.
What is secure attachment?
The first menstrual period in females.
What is menarche?
This concept refers to cultural expectations about when major life events “should” happen (marriage, career, children).
What is the social clock?
A research method that follows the same group of people over many years.
What is a longitudinal study?
The Piaget stage where animism and egocentrism are common.
What is the preoperational stage?
Harlow’s monkey studies showed babies preferred this over food.
What is contact comfort?
Adolescents often believe everyone is watching and judging them — this is called the ____.
What is the imaginary audience?
According to Erikson, young adults face this psychosocial crisis as they form close relationships.
What is intimacy vs. isolation?
These harmful substances such as drugs or viruses can damage a developing fetus.
What are teratogens?
The ability to understand that changing the shape of something does not change its mass or amount.
What is conservation?
This parenting style is warm, demanding, and associated with positive outcomes.
What is authoritative parenting?
Erikson’s psychosocial crisis of adolescence.
What is identity vs. role confusion?
Marcia’s identity status where a person commits to an identity without exploring alternatives.
What is foreclosure?
This newborn reflex involves turning toward a touch on the cheek.
What is the rooting reflex?
Vygotsky’s concept describing the difference between what a learner can do alone vs. with help.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
This level of Bronfenbrenner’s model includes direct environments like family, peers, and school.
What is the microsystem?
This type of intelligence increases with age because it relies on accumulated knowledge.
What is crystallized intelligence?
During adolescence, teens often believe their experiences are unique and no one else can understand what they’re going through.
What is the personal fable?
This milestone usually develops around 8 months and is the understanding that objects still exist even when out of sight.
What is object permanence?
The stage where individuals begin engaging in abstract and hypothetical thinking.
What is the formal operational stage?
Traumatic early experiences like abuse or household dysfunction are known as these and can impact lifelong relationships and mental health.
What are Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)?
This identity status involves exploring options but not yet making a commitment.
What is moratorium?
This term describes a child’s emotional reactivity and intensity, which influences how they respond to caregivers.
What is temperament?