Motivation
This theory of motivation relates to the desire to return to homeostasis
Drive Reduction Theory
These are the 2 main ways emotion is experienced
cognitive and physiological
According to the Social Cognitive Model, what can have an impact on our personality (enduring thoughts and behavior patterns)
Observational learning of others
Bobo doll experiment
Give an example of an optimistic explanatory style of a particular behavior
Answers will vary but should relate to taking into account a person's situation and not assuming that they have an enduring characteristic
Explain 3 different ethical considerations, including how they can reduce potential harm to participants
Justification for harm, Informed Consent, Debriefing, Confidentiality, Right to Withdraw, Considerations for decption
What are 2 hormones that influence hunger AND what do they do?
Leptin: makes to feel NOT hungry
Ghrelin: More Hunger
This is an explanation of the 2 factor theory of emotion (Schacter-Singer)
You must give an example to support your response
Emotion is felt physiologically but must also be labeled in order to be experienced sometimes. When our heart beats fast we could be in danger or in love.
We need to cognitively appraise a situation in order to know what emotion we are experiencing.
For example, if a truck is coming at us, we cognitively appraise our heartbeat as being a signal of FEAR. This is done in a split second.
Explain the roles of the id, ego and superego
Id is our basic, selfish instincts, pleasure seeking
Superego is our ideal self/conscience morality compass that helps to counter the selfish nature of the ID. THis is where society's expectations may come to play
The Ego is the conscious-mind in given moment. It is what you are aware of. It is also the self that is navigating through the conflicting nature of the Ego and the Superego
Give an example of an upward social comparison
Answers will vary but it should involve someone feeling better about themselves after comparing themselves to another person or group
According to the Asch Experiments, what are some conditions that make someone more or LESS likely to conform
More people doing it, more likely to conform,
Uncertainty about particular behavior, more likely
More visible to others, more likely etc.
These are the 3 main needs for motivation acc to Self-determination theory
autonomy, competence, relatedness
Explain the broaden and build theory of emotion
The broaden-and-build theory states that experiences of positive emotions broaden people's momentary thought-action repertoires,
which in turn serves to build their enduring personal resources to deal with stresses and other negative experiences later in an optimistic/more productive way.
Choose 4 different defense mechanisms to define and given an example of each
Answers will vary
Explain the difference between informational and normative social influence
Informational Social influence is when you look to others to figure out what to do because you are uncertain of the correct behavior
Normative social influence is when you do what others do DESPITE knowing that it is not the correct thing to do because you don't want to stand out or be judged by the group.
Discuss how superordinate goals can reduce negative affect and stereotyping. (Use the Robber’s Cave Experiment to support your response)
Superordinate goals reduce negative stereotypes and lead to more positive ideas about members of a group who are now working together.
In Robber's Cave, boys rated other teams as having neg characteristics but after they worked together on a common task of getting a water truck unstuck, their ratings became favorable
What are the 3 motivational conflicts according to Lewin and how might one make a choice between the 2 options based on each type of conflict?
Give an example situation for each
approach-approach
approach-avoid
avoid-avoid
These are the 6 universal expressed emotions
Happiness, Anger, Sadness, Disgust, Fear, Surprise
Explain the relationship between unconditional positive self-regard and self-actualization
You must discuss which perspective on personality this relates to and what it is all about
Humanistic Perspective
People are basically good and want to be the best version of themselves to reach their full potential (Self-actualization)
In order to do this, we need to feel supported by people in our lives even if we make mistakes. This is unconditional positive regard. This allows us to feel comfortable taking risks in our journey to become our best selves.
Define and explain the Ellaboration Liklihood Model using an example
Answers will vary but should discuss the dif between the central and peripheral route to persuastion
Discuss the Milgram exp.
What are some conditions that make it more likely that someone will obey an authority figure
1. Perceived legitimacy of authority: they look important (dress, qualitfications etc)
2. Diffusion of responsibility (just following orders)
3. Social norms (from a culture where you are expected to not question authority. Ex. Military or strict parenting etc
4. Personality Traits
Use the concept of reciprocal determinism to explain why someone might make unhealthy food choices.
Must refer to the idea that there are cognitive, biological and environmental explanations for thoughts/behaviors
AND each might influence the other
For instance. Someone might live in an environment like a food desert and not have access to healthy food which causes them to have chosen unhealthy foods that they have enjoyed in the past.
Also, biologically, you probably have cravings for those kinds of foods because you know about that sweet dopamine hit they give you. So that causes you to go to the environment of a fast food restaurant etc.
Then you also might think (cognition) that McDonalds sounds really delicious. You might remember that one time your Mom took you as a kid and you loved the play place and the whole vibe, which also reinforces your decision to go there......
Explain and give examples of different display rules and elicitors for emotional expression in various cultures, as well as across different genders, ages, and socioeconomic classes within a culture.
Answers will vary
List and explain each of the 5 Big Traits
To what extent are traits enduring?
Conscientiousness (organization skills)
Agreeable-ness (Kindness, getting along with others, social)
Openness (adaptability, willingness to try new things, admit you're wrong etc)
Neuroticism (anxiety levels, worry)
Extraversion (social, desire to be around other people etc)
Traits are somewhat flexible till about age 40 but can differ based on the situation
Explain the difference between the foot in the door and the door in the face technique of persuasion
Door in the face: big request then smaller
Define altruism/prosocial behavior and explain how each of the following might help explain why a person would act altruistically:
Social debt
Social responsibility norm
Attentional/Situational influence
Social Debt: Someone helps me, I should help them
Social Responsibilty Norm: It is my duty to help people in need because I have more means
Attentional: I need to actual notice that someone has a need and have the resources to do somethign about it.