Thinking
Thinking about thinking
What is metacognition?
To instill a new behavior in someone, you'd use this type of conditioning
What is operant conditioning?
Studied observational learning with his famous BoBo Doll Study
Who is Albert Bandura?
A child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
What is the intelligence quotient?
"ch" "a" "t" "s"
What is a phoneme?
When you assume something is more likely because it matches your expectation/prototype
What is representative heuristic?
The Little Albert experiment used this type of learning
What is classical conditioning?
Created the first useful intelligence test, aimed at predicting children's success in school
Who is Alfred Binet?
This is high when an IQ test measures what it was designed to measure
What is validity?
The smallest unit of meaning in language
What is a morpheme?
Using a shoe to hammer a nail is an example of overcoming this
What is functional fixedness?
In Pavlov's original experiment, the sound of a bell became this.
What is the conditioned stimulus?
Proposes that humans have 8 independent intelligences
Who is Howard Gardner?
The concept that heredity sets upper/lower limits on intelligence while environment determines where you fall within these limits
What is reaction range?
Tells us that adding "-ed" makes a word past tense
What is semantics?
This explains why people might think they are more likely be in a plane crash than in a car accident
What is availability heuristic?
Starbucks' rewards system uses this type of reinforcement schedule
What is the fixed ratio?
Defined the components of operant conditioning with his "Operant Chamber"
Who is B.F. Skinner?
Increased schooling and more demanding curricula are proposed explanations for this 100+ year trend of higher IQ scores
What is the Flynn effect?
Without prior exposure to language, a child cannot truly learn any language beyond this point
What is a critical period?
Example: After pushing open a door, you later continue to try to push open a door that needs to be pulled
What is a mental set?
A parent taking away their child's cell phone after getting an F on their psychology exam would be an example of what operant consequence?
What is the negative punishment?
Proposed that humans are equipped with an innate language acquisition device
Who is Noam Chomsky?
According to Sternberg, this type of intelligence helps you solve problems encountered in everyday life
What is practical intelligence?
Type of infant speech around 24 months that only uses essential words to communicate; resembles many text messages today
What is telegraphic speech?