LEARNING AND CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND ACQUISITION
ACQUISITION
OPERANT CONDITIONING
REINFORCERS
100
A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
What is learning?
100
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
What is classical conditioning?
100
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
What is acquisition?
100
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
What is operant conditioning?
100
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior that follows.
What is reinforcer?
200
An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
What is habituation?
200
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
What is behaviorism?
200
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus,creating a second conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that the light predicts the tone and begin responding ot the light alone.
What is higher order conditioning?
200
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
What is respondent behavior?
200
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens that response.
What is positive reinforcer?
300
Learning that certain events occur together. Events can be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
What is associative learning?
300
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
What is unconditioned response?
300
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.
What is extinction?
300
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
What is operant behavior?
300
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
What is negative reinforcement?
400
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
What is conditioned stimulus?
400
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response.
What is unconditioned stimulus?
400
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
What is generalization?
400
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
What is law of effect?
400
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
What is primary reinforcer?
500
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
What is conditioned response?
500
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
What is spontaneous recovery?
500
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
What is discrimination?
500
In operant conditioning research, a structure containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
What is operant chamber (or Skinner box)?
500
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
What is conditioned reinforcer (or secondary reinforcer)?
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