Unit 1/Unit 2
The founder of psychoanalysis; proposed the existence of an unconscious (unaware) mind (Unit 1)
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve; insensitive to light
What is a blind spot?
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
What is operant conditioning?
The brief memory of something a person has just heard
What is echoic memory?
The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior (Unit 1)
What is the placebo effect?
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
What are the five basic tastes?
Gave operant conditioning its name; he wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior
Who is Skinner?
This memory lasts from about twelve to thirty seconds without rehearsal
What is short-term memory?
Formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo; identical twins
What are monozygotic twins?
A neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all (Unit 2 - Biological)
What is the all-or-none response?
The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
What is top-down processing?
Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
What is a primary reinforcer?
Memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues
What is recall?
Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized-disoriented
What are the types of attachments?
A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a twenty-four-hour period (Unit 2 - Consciousness)
What is circadian rhythm?
Sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other
What is kinesthetic sense?
The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus
What is positive reinforcement?
Information at the beginning and the end of a body of information more accurately remembered than the information in the middle
What is serial position effect?
The amount of Erikson's stages of development
What is eight?
State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion (Unit 2 - Consciousness)
What is hypnosis?
Theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green
What is the trichromatic theory?
Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control
What is biofeedback?
Memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information; the P and O of the mnemonic P.O.R.N
What is proactive interference?
Young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent’s thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are
What is an imaginary audience?