Thinking, Problem-Solving Decision Making
The __________ bias/effect is the tendency to be overly influenced by the first piece of information we are given
anchoring
The "cocktail party" effect, inattentional blindness (the gorilla video), and change blindness are all examples of _______________.
selective attention
The theory developed by Elizabeth Loftus and others, that claims our memories are far less reliable and far more open to distortions and manipulations than we imagine, is called ________ ________ Theory.
Reconstructive Memory
Howard Gardner's Theory of ______________ claims we have at least 8 distinct ways of being smart (visual-spatial, logical mathematical, verbal linguistic, naturalistic, interpersonal, musical, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic)
Multiple Intelligences
Selectively focusing on ("cherry picking") information that supports our existing opinions and beliefs, while ignoring information that does not, is called ____________.
confirmation bias
Taking sensory information and then assimilating it is called ____________ processing, while using expectations, models, and ideas to interpret sensory information is called __________ processing.
bottom-up
top-down
_______ _______ is the theory that claims memories of emotionally salient events are extremely clear and detailed but we can be overconfident about remembering specific details.
Flashbulb Memory
What is the difference between aptitude and achievement tests?
aptitude tests measure your capabilities and potential (ex: SAT, ACT, ASVAB)
achievement tests measure your knowledge and understanding of particular content / subjects (ex: AP exams, mid-term and final course exams, etc)
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is called ____________.
hindsight bias
_________ _________ (binocular and monocular), ______________ (color, shape, size, brightness), and _________ (stroboscopic, phi phenomenon, and autokinetic effect) all influence perception.
depth cues
constancy
motion
The three processes of memory are _________ (the process of getting information into our memory system), _____________ (the process of retaining information over time), and __________________ (the process of getting information out of memory storage)
encoding
storage
retrieval
What are three tests of a good test?
1) ________________
2) _______________
3) ________________
1) Standardization (all questions, instructions, and procedures are the same for all test takers)
2) Validity (the test is accurate at measuring what it claims to measure).
3) Reliability (yields consistent results over time and across different populations)
Cognitive biases are also called ________ and can be useful as a "rule of thumb".
heuristics
Perception is influenced by _________ (perceptual set), __________ (external factors), _____________ (seeing what we want to see), and ____________ (our feelings).
expectations
context
motivation
emotion
Memory retrieval failures can occur when new information blocks/distorts previous information - _________ interference and when old information prevents encoding of new information - _________ interference. Amnesia can also prevent the formation of new memories - _______ amnesia or an inability to retrieve memories from the past _______ amnesia. Most of us have _______ amnesia or an inability to remember events from before the age of 3.
retroactive
proactive
anterograde
retrograde
infantile
What is the formula for the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test? How are current IQ tests similar? Why do you think this specific formula is no longer used?
Mental Age
_________ X 100 = IQ
Chronological Age
While 100 still represents the mean IQ score, "mental age" is no longer part of the formula as the adult mental age of "20" was arbitrary.
The ______ _______ Model developed by Kahneman and Tversky describes two systems of thinking.
System 1 is:
System 2 is:
Dual Processing
System 1: Fast, Intuitive, Unconscious, Biased. Optimistic, Automatic, Based on Feelings
System 2: Slow, Thoughtful, Deliberative, Based on Logic and Reasoning
Gestalt principles include ________ (closely grouped objects look connected), ________ (objects resembling each other appear to be connected), __________ (objects that look like they form a shape appear to be connected), __________ (objects that appear to be connected by other elements), and __________ (we fill in gaps with our mind)
proximity
similarity
continuity
connectedness
closure
_________ memory includes semantic memory (names, dates, facts) and episodic memory (life events / personal biography) and is governed by brain regions such as _______; whereas _________ memory includes conditioned associations and skills ("muscle memory") and is governed by brain regions such as __________. Emotional memory is governed by the ________.
Explicit
Hippocampus / Prefrontal Cortex
Implicit
Basal Ganglia / Cerebellum
Amgydala
Carol Dweck's __________ Theory. Posits two approaches _________ and __________. Describe each briefly:
Mindset
Fixed Mindset: abilities are innate, failure is final, dislikes challenges, jealous of others' abilities.
Growth Mindset: challenging yourself helps you grow, skills and abilities can be developed over time, failure is a learning opportunity.