Enhancing Memory
Retrieving information that was learned at a previous time (dare I hope...)
what is recall
The process of getting information into our memory system
what is encoding
gradual erosion of a memory
What is decay
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
what is cognition
In language, the smallest distinctive sound
what is a phoneme
Identifying items that were previously learned (I am so confident in your ability to do this!)_
What is recognition
The process of retaining, encoded information (you will AP Psych memories years from now)
what is storage
You slipped on ice and hit your head. Ever since, you cannot remember the names of new individuals that you meet.
what is anterograde amnesia
"I am the best example of an AP Psychology student!"
what is a prototype
In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning (a word or part of a word)
what is a morpheme
What we are doing now, i.e., learning something more quickly the 2nd time around
what is relearning
I will use this to recall my fave moments in AP Psych-- (the other type of explicit, conscious memory is semantic)
what is episodic memory
The famous graph that demonstrates that forgetting is initially rapid but then levels off with time
What is the Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve
On the AP exam, students will be asked to use this kind of thinking to discern the correct answer in MCQs
what is convergent thinking
At four months, I began this language stage
what is the babbling stage
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units-- which often occurs automatically
what is chunking
A new concept of short-term memory that includes active processing of incoming information and of information retrieved from long-term memory
what is working memory
I am sorry, Mr. Crump, I just have learned so much that I can't recall any new information
what is proactive interference
On the FRQ portion of the AP exam, students will have more of an opportunity to be creative problem-solvers with this kind of thinking
What is divergent thinking
At two, I used sophisticated language like "go car"
what is telegraphic speech
ROY G BIV is an example of
what are mnemonics
Taking a picture of our class at this very moment would utilize this
What is iconic memory
Wow, Mr. Crump, our most recent unit was so fascinating that I cannot recall anything from the previous units
what is retroactive interference
When you don't have the opportunity or need to utilize a methodical, rule-driven problems-solving strategy-- an algorithm-- you might use this thinking strategy instead
what is a heuristic (representative or availability)
An impairment of language, usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere
what is aphasia
The tendency for distributed practice to yield better results than massed practice, or cramming
what is the spacing effect
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know (also called declarative memory)
what is explicit memory
When misleading information distorts one's memory of an event (remember Lotus and leading questions when asked questions about an accident)
what is the misinformation effect
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore contradictory evidence
"How could we not be Mr. Stroud's favorite class?!"
what is confirmation bias
An area in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe involved in language expression
What is Broca's area
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information (there is a reason for homework and projects)
what is the testing effect
The retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
what is implicit memory
Seth was in a snowboarding accident over winter break, and when he woke up in the hospital he could not remember the events leading up to the accident.
what is retrograde amnesia
The component of intelligence described by Raymond Cattell as involving the ability to understand logical relationship, reason abstractly, and learn quickly
what is fluid intelligence
Located in the left temporal lobe, a brain area involved particularly in language comprehension
what is Wernicke's area
To yield the best retention, encoding information semantically (semantic memory)
What is deep processing
The area of the brain where automatic processing occurs and where implicit memories take place
what is the cerebellum
IQ has traditionally been based on the relationship between an individual's mental age and their
what is chronological age
(Whorf's hypothesis) that language controls the way we think and interpret our world
what is linguistic determinism (a less rigid theory called linguistic influence evolved from it)