Unit 0
This type of research method involves data collection without laboratory controls or manipulation of variables. The participants don't know there is an anything going on.
What is Naturalistic Observation
This part of the nervous system arouses the body in times of stress (fight or flight)
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System
This brain part deals with emotions, primarily fear and aggression.
What is the amygdala?
Sense of taste; intensity decreases with age
What is Gustation?
Memory of daily events; the more personal, the more easily recalled.
What is episodic memory?
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
This is the basic unit of sound in language
What is a phoneme?
Tendency to give explanations for someone’s behavior by crediting the situation (external) or person’s disposition (internal).
What is attribution theory?
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives (cohesiveness is most important).
What is groupthink?
Model that states that there are both genetic and environmental factors that lead to disease and mental disorders. Both present at the same time increase the risk
What is the Diathesis-Stress Model
This term is used to describe free flow of thoughts from the “unconscious”
What is free association?
This type of research method involves an in-depth studying of one person or other entity
What is a Case Study?
This is a nerve cell, and the basic building block of the nervous system
What is a neuron?
Someone who has the ability to speak fluently but cannot form comprehensible sentences is most likely suffering from this condition
What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
This part of your ear helps maintain balance
What are semicircular canals?
Memory of well learned skills, such as riding a bike.
What is procedural memory?
This reflex occurs when touched on the cheek, a baby will turn its head and seek a nipple.
What is the rooting reflex?
Rules in language that help us understand meaning
What are semantics?
Tendency to overestimate the impact of a person's disposition and underestimate the impact of a situation.
What is Fundamental Attribution Error
In the presence of others, people tend to do less, partly because they believe others will do it.
What is social loafing?
Intense fear of specific social situations
What is agoraphobia?
Slowly become introduced to a fear or phobia to eliminate its response.
What is systematic desensitization?
This is what is being measured in an experiment
What is Dependent Variable
This is the fatty covering of the axon that helps speed up neural impulses
What is the myelin sheath?
This bundle of fibers connects the two hemispheres of the brain
What is the corpus collosum?
A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information
What is a schema?
The tendency to recall things at the beginning and the ending of lists
What is the Serial Position Effect?
The visual cliff experiment determined that newborns had an innate sense of this
What is depth perception?
Learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.
What is classical conditioning?
The perception that one can control their own fate.
What is internal locus of control?
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, typically in a sense of anonymity (mob situation).
What is deindividuation?
Paranoia that everyone is out to get you that involves hallucinations and delusions
What is Schizophrenia?
Decreasing or eliminating unwanted behaviors by associating them with an unpleasant stimul
What is aversion therapy?
This is the tendency to interpret/search for evidence that aligns with your previously held belief.
What is Confirmation Bias
This is the master gland of the endocrine system whose primary function is for growth?
What is the Pituitary Gland?
This brain imaging technique uses a radioactive glucose to view brain activity
What is a PET scan?
Focusing on one aspect of the environment at a time.
What is Selective Attention?
The inability to make new memories; still can remember old memories
What is anterograde amnesia?
Babies confidently explore the novel environment while parents are present, are distressed when they leave, and run to parents when they return (sunshine).
What is secure attachment?
This is somethingthat automatically triggers a response
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Outcome of a situation is influenced by our thinking, either positive or negative.
People show increased levels of effort and performance when in the presence of others compared to their effort and performance levels when they are alone
What is Social Facilitation?
Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Client takes the reins during therapy and takes the discussion where they’d like. Active listening is a large component
What is Person-Centered Therapy?
This psychological perspective focuses on the free will of humans and how we can reach our potential
What is Humanistic Psychology?
This hormone tells you when you are hungry; it secretes on an empty stomach
What is Ghrelin?
This is your 24 hour sleep-wake cycle
What is circadian rhythm?
Objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group.
What is proximity?
This type of test is designed to predict one’s capacity to learn in the future
What is an aptitude test?
Harry Harlow's experiment about monkeys showed that monkeys preferred this over food
What is contact comfort?
The fading of the CR to the CS when conditioning stops.
What is extinction?
Overarching belief and assumption about a group.
What is a stereotype?
Desire to perform behavior for its own sake.
What is intrinsic motivation?
Regular and recurrent binge eating followed by inappropriate behaviors to prevent weight gain
What is bulimia nervosa?
Stabilize abnormal behaviors dealing with paranoia and hallucinations. Treat disorders such as Schizophrenia.
What is an anti-psychotic drug?
This is a testable prediction, often induced by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory.
What is a hypothesis?
This neurotransmitter controls motor neurons and skeletal muscles, too little has been linked to Alzheimers.
What is Ach?
This is temporary cessations of breathing during sleep
What is sleep apnea?
Comparing the information from each eyeball, the greater difference between the two images means they are closer.
What is Retinal Disparity?
This is the formula for determining IQ
What is MA/CAx100
These parents have very strict rules with no room for discussion
What is authoritarian?
The tendency to respond ONLY to the specific CS that is paired
What is Discrimination or Stimulus Discrimination?
Unjustifiable personal attitude towards a group and its members.
What is prejudice?
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspects of body chemistry.
What is homeostasis?
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common
What is mania?
Form of therapy to treat depression where an electrical impulse is sent through the brain
What is electro-convulsive therapy?
This is combining significant results of multiple studies to strengthen results
What is Meta-Analysis
This neurotransmitter deals primarily with pleasurable emotions
What is dopamine?
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
What is the Just Noticeable Difference?
A visual representation of one’s environment. Example: after exploring a maze, a rat learns the cognitive map.
Cognitive Map
This is the term used for administering tests in a consistent manner
What is Standardization?
An infant lacks this when they are surprised during a game of peek-a-boo
What is object permanence?
The tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way (Drooling to similar sounds to a bell).
What is stimulus generalization?
Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve.
What is just-world phenomenon?
In this theory of emotion, our emotion requires cognitive appraisal
What is James-Lange Theory?
Excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for six months or more.
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
These are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
What is Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
This is a factor, manipulated by the experimenter, and whose effect is studied.
What is the Independent Variable?
This neurotransmitter is involved in mood, appetite, body temperature and regulation of sleep
What is serotonin?
The colored part of your eye that controls the pupils size
What is the iris?
Attempting to interpret new information within the framework of existing knowledge; create a schema. Never have seen a dog; animals with four legs must be a dog
What is Assimilation?
This theory states that the reason IQ's have gone up over the last 100 years is due to technological advances
What is the Flynn Effect?
A child can't see another point of view outside of themselves is known as this
What is egocentrism?
Consequences that follow a behavior will increase/decrease likelihood of them happening again.
What is operant conditioning?
People change their behavior to avoid looking bad because their behaviors do not match their thoughts.
What is cognitive dissonance?
The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgments and for future aspirations
What is the superego?
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
Seeks to identify factors that lead to well-being, resilience, positive emotions, and psychological health.
What is positive psychology?
In this type of correlation both variables are going in the same direction
What is Positive Correlation?
The diminishing effects with regular use of the same dose of a drug.
What is tolerance?
Detects black, white and gray vision
Making a small change to help with things that don’t fit those existing frameworks. Sees an animal with four legs; but it’s bigger and has spots; changes schema to a cow.
What is accommodation?
Risk of confirming negative stereotypes about ethnicity or gender
What is stereotype threat?
At this stage of development according to Piaget, children start to see things more abstractly
What is formal operational?
Add good: reinforcing behavior by rewarding.
What is positive reinforcement?
Focusing on other aspects of the message such as how the speaker was dressed.
What is peripheral route to persuasion?
Pushing bad thoughts to the back of mind, forgetting.
What is repression?
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.
Involves seeing stress as a problem to be solved and working solutions until a solution is found.
What is problem-focused coping?
These are the five ethical guidelines in human research
What is
1. Informed Consent
2. Protection from harm
3. Anonymity/Confidentiality
4. No coercion
5. Debriefing
This brain part's primary function is to control heartrate and breathing
What is the medulla?
Detects color in the eyes
What are cones?
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent/match a particular prototype
Representativeness Heuristic
This type of retrieval error occurs when old information interferes with new information
What is Proactive Interference?
In this Psychosocial stage of development Age 6 to puberty, elementary school; learn the pleasures of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.
What is industry vs inferiority?
Learning that occurs after the fact, such as learning a cognitive map before proving knowledge when you drive yourself.
What is latent learning?
Tendency to comply with larger requests after responding to a smaller request.
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
One of the big 5 traits to which a person is organized, careful and disciplined
What is Conscientiousness?
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Involves managing emotional reactions to stress as a means of coping.
What is emotion focused coping
This perspective in psychology focuses primarily on the unconscious and how they affect the adult self
What is Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
The brain's sensory switchboard except for smell
What is the Thalamus?
The sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs: red/green, yellow/blue, and black/white; bonds break when you stare at an image and look away
What is opponent-process theory?
The inability to see other options to solve a problem
This type of retrieval error occurs when new information interferes with old information
What is Retroactive Interference
This stage of psychosocial development 20s to early 40s, young adulthood; struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel isolated.
What is Intimacy vs Isolation?
This type of reinforcement schedule causes the response rate to last the longest
What is variable ratio?
If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens prevailing opinions and attitudes
What is group polarization?
How capable we think we are in controlling events / your ability to have confidence in completing a task
What is self-efficacy?
In this cluster of personality disorders people appear to be dramatic, emotional or erratic
What is cluster C?
The process by which we respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
What is stress?