Learning
This is a key form of observational learning which involves watching others and imitating their behaviors, attitudes, and/or reactions.
Modeling
Gustatory cells are are specialized receptor cells associated with this sense.
Bonus: identify the main types of gustatory cells
Taste
Bonus: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami, oleogustus
This division of the nervous system is the network of nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord (i.e. all around the rest of your body).
Peripheral nervous system
This is the tendency for people to favor members of the group with which they identify ("us") over those perceived to be outside of that group ("them").
Ingroup bias
This parenting style is marked by high warmth and responsiveness but low levels of structure and boundaries.
Permissive
This reinforcement schedule is used in slot machines and is the most resistant to extinction.
Variable interval
This sense, based in the inner ear, is responsible for detecting one's body movement, position, and balance.
Vestibular sense
______ is a fatty coating that wraps around a neuron's ______, helping electrical impulses to travel smoothly along the neuron.
Bonus: What neurodegenerative disease is characterized by the degradation of this coating?
Myelin; axon
Bonus: multiple sclerosis
You see someone steal apples from the grocery store. If you applied a ____ attribution, you might think they did this because they are greedy or immoral. If you applied a ____ attribution, you might think they did this because they were desperate and had no other choice to feed their family.
Dispositional; situational
You take a ball of play-doh and roll it into a long log. You ask your 4-year-old niece if you now have more, less, or the same amount of play-doh. She says you now have more. This is because she has not yet mastered the concept of _____.
Conservation
In a "token economy" in behavioral therapy, clients earn "tokens" for desirable behaviors, which add up to larger rewards. Because they are not inherently rewarding, the "tokens" are an example of a ____ reinforcer.
Secondary
This type of hearing loss results from damage to the cochlea or nerve pathways to the brain. Rates of it are increasing in young people due to increased exposure to loud noise through earbuds/headphones.
Sensorineural hearing loss
This class of psychoactive drug decreases neural arousal and activity. Name the class of drug and give an example of a drug in this class.
Helga loves animals but eats meat. When she stops to think about this, it makes her uncomfortable as she is experiencing ______. She can resolve this by either ______ or _____ (give an example showing the 2 different ways to resolve the issue).
Cognitive dissonance; resolve by either changing her attitude (e.g. "it's actually OK to eat some animals") or her behavior (e.g. going vegetarian).
This stage of cognitive development is when people master abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and systematic planning.
Formal operational
Identify the unconditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response: Guinevere eats potato salad that's been sitting in the sun for 5 hours and gets food poisoning. The next time she goes on a picnic, she gets nauseous at the sight of potato salad.
UCS: bacteria in the potato salad
UR: nausea/food poisoning symptoms
NS/CS: potato salad
CR: nausea at the sight of potato salad
When you watched the video that asked you to count ball passes, you did not notice the gorilla appear on screen because you were paying attention to ball passes, i.e. due to ____. More broadly, this is an example of the brain's higher-level cognitive processes influencing the interpretation of sensory information, i.e. ____.
Selective attention; top-down processing
The _________ is a key part of the brain's "reward system" and is also important for voluntary movement. Many neurons in this part of the brain produce _______, the neurotransmitter associated with these functions. (Name the part of the brain + neurotransmitter.)
Basal ganglia; dopamine
Chester loves bologna and mustard sandwiches, so he assumes everyone else loves them too. He makes them for all his friends at his dinner party. He quickly finds out he was horribly wrong and had fallen prey to the ______ effect.
False consensus effect
Drinking alcohol while pregnant is harmful to fetal development. Thus, alcohol is a _____.
Teratogen
A rat is put into a maze with no reward and walks through it for a while. Later, the rat is put back into the maze, this time with a piece of cheese at the end, and the rat solves the maze super quickly. The rat has clearly developed a _____ (of the maze's layout) through _____ (a type of learning).
Cognitive map; latent learning
This law states that the just-noticeable difference or difference threshold for a stimulus is a constant proportion of the original stimulus intensity, rather than a constant amount.
(It explains why it is easy to notice a small candle in a dark room, but impossible to notice that same candle being lit in a brightly lit room.)
Weber's Law
______ is a hormone that is produced in the stomach and signals to the _____ in the brain to trigger hunger. (Name the hormone and the part of the brain)
Ghrelin; hypothalamus
Pitch an idea for a car advertisement, first using central route persuasion and then using peripheral route persuasion.
Central: make a logical/intellectual argument, e.g. "it gets good gas mileage" or "it has new safety features."
Peripheral: use superficial, attention-grabbing cues like a celebrity endorsement, emotional appeals, etc. E.g. "look how much fun these people are having driving this car!"
During this psychosocial stage (about 6-12 years old), children focus on mastering skills and comparing themselves to peers, determining feelings of self-worth through skills and accomplishments in school and social settings.
Industry vs. inferiority