Biological Bases of Behavior
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions of factors on the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
the nature-nurture issue
If instances come readily to our mind, we presume such events are common.
availability heuristic
Autonomy is to _________ as generativity is to ____________.
shame and doubt; stagnation
The tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
fundamental attribution error
Conducted a famous learning experiment with dogs
Ivan Pavlov
Nena's research project is based on the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. Which theory is her project based on?
a. frequency theory
b. place theory
c. sound localization
d. gate-control theory
a. frequency theory
Name 3 effortful processing strategies.
mnemonics, distributed practice, chunking, hierarchies
Name the two key milestones associated with Piaget's sensorimotor (birth to nearly 2 years) stage of development.
object permanence, stranger anxiety
Having a popular athlete advertise athletic shoes is a common method used to encourage young adults to purchase the shoes.
This is an example of which route of persuasion?
peripheral route persuasion
Suggested that a child's behavior could be influenced and changed by using positive and negative reinforcements.
B.F. Skinner
Dr. Koulianos conducted a study on 1000 sets of identical and fraternal twin pairs being raised in the same household versus in different households to determine which twin pairs were most similar in their athletic abilities. Based on previous research, who should Dr. Koulianos expect to be most alike?
a. Fraternal twins raised in the same households
b. Identical twins raised in different households
c. Fraternal twins raised in different households
d. Identical twins raised in the same households
d. Identical twins raised in the same households
Which of the following illustrates a heuristic?
a. Calculating the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width
b. Using three dramatic news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how often business fraud occurs
c. Following a new recipe to bake a cake for your friend
d. Trying every key on your mom's key ring until you find the one that unlocks the seldom-used storeroom in the basement
b. Using three dramatic news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how often business fraud occurs
Jazz is determined to quit drinking and enters a therapy program. The program places a nausea-inducing drug into each drink she takes. After a few weeks, the sight or thought of a drink makes Jazz sick.
The drug that makes Jazz sick is a(n)
UCS
In Milgram's obedience study, he found obedience was highest when the person giving orders was ________ and perceived to be a _______________.
close at hand; legitimate authority figure
Developed the "social learning theory" (later called the social cognitive theory), which emphasizes the importance of observational learning and modeling
Albert Bandura
A neurotransmitter that influences the perception of pain or pleasure.
endorphins
An illusion of continuous movement experienced when viewing a rapid series of slightly varying still images.
stroboscopic movement
Taking painkillers to end pain and fastening a seatbelt to end loud beeping are examples of
a. positive reinforcement
b. positive punishment
c. negative reinforcement
d. negative punishment
c. negative reinforcement
Which of the following illustrates a reason why Milgram’s study would not pass the ethical guidelines of an institutional review board today?
a. Milgram did not obtain the informed consent of the participants, and he deceived them in his study.
b. Milgram put participants under intense psychological distress by making them think they greatly harmed another human.
c. Milgram did not employ either random sampling or random assignment.
d. Milgram drew conclusions from the study that would not generalize to broader populations.
b. Milgram put participants under intense psychological distress by making them think they greatly harmed another human.
Best known for the notion that the just-noticeable-difference magnitude is proportional to the stimulus magnitude
Ernst Weber
Name all the divisions of the nervous system.
Nervous system -> peripheral, central
peripheral -> autonomic, somatic
autonomic -> sympathetic, parasympathetic
somatic -> sensory input, motor output
Procedural memories are to _____________ memories as declarative memories are to _____________ memories.
a. personal facts; general knowledge
b. explicit; implicit
c. general knowledge; personal facts
d. implicit; explicit
d. implicit; explicit
Sharleen, who is a woman, seeks psychological evaluation. Without knowing anything more than her gender and based on past research regarding gender differences in psychological disorders, which diagnosis is her psychologist most likely to make?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
c. anxiety disorder
d. alcohol use disorder
c. anxiety disorder
Name two of the social-cultural factors that influence aggressive behavior.
deindividuation, challenging environmental factors (crowding, heat, provocations), parental models of aggression, minimal father involvement, rejection from a group, exposure to violent media
Studied the importance of maternal care and attachment in infant rhesus monkeys. The experiments involved separating infant monkeys from their mothers and raising them with artificial surrogate mothers.
Harry Harlow