Classical Conditioning
A type of associative learning, also referred to as Pavlovian, in which two or more stimuli are linked
what is classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a behavior is shaped if followed by a reward or a punishment
what is operant conditioning
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, and a schedule in which learning is quickest
what is a continuous reinforcement schedule
The tendency to respond to similar stimuli, or for responses learned in one situation occurring in other similar situations
What is generalization
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments.
what is extrinsic motivation
Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television. Research cited in the text indications that this may lead her to
a.underestimate the actual frequency of violent crimes in the real world.
b. experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground.
c. become more hesitant about personally starting a fight with another child.
d. become less fearful about being criminally assaulted.
b. experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground.
An unlearned, naturally occurring response
what is an UR
An event that tends to decrease behavior by withdrawing a rewarding stimulus
Negative Punishment
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses and produces the highest rates of responses in partial reinforcement
what is a variable-ratio schedule
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR
what is spontaneous recovery
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
what is intrinsic motivation
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
what is modeling
A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
What is a neutral stimulus (NS)
Its presentation increases behaviors through positive rewards
what is positive reinforcement
This schedule produces a slow, steady response and the greatest resistance to extinction
what is a variable-interval schedule
The diminishing of a CR when an US no longer follows a CS; or decreased responses without reinforcement
what is extinction
The type of reinforcement with meets biological needs first over anything else.
what is a primary reinforcer.
Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to
a.practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness.
b.practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues.
c.neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness.
d.preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
d.preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a CR
what is a CS
This increases behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli
what is negative reinforcment
A learning schedule in which acquisition of a response is delayed but resistance to extinction is enhanced
what is a partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
Learning to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US; or learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced
what is discrimination
The term used to describe living through someone else's reinforcement or punishments. Often through observation.
what is vicarious reinforcement or punishment.
The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of
Latent Learning
Repeat behaviors that are rewarded in order to reinforce behavior refers to (Thorndike)
what is the law of effect
Repeat behaviors that are rewarded in order to reinforce behavior refers to (Thorndike and Skinner )
what is law of effect
This schedule produces a start-stop pattern of responses
What is a fixed-interval schedule
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called
what is acquisition
The concept that we have little to no control over our path or outside force determine our fate.
What is the external locus of control.
Frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire when observing others
what are mirror neurons
After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates
Learned Helplessness