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A type of associative learning, also referred to as Pavlovian, in which two or more stimuli are linked
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a behavior is shaped if followed by a reward or a punishment
operant conditioning
The initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus (NS) and an US; or associating a response with a consequence
acquisition
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments.
extrinsic motivation
Psychologist famous for the popular "Bobo Doll" experiment
Albert Bandura
A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
neutral stimulus (NS)
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR
spontaneous recovery
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, and a schedule in which learning is quickest
continuous reinforcement schedule
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
cognitive map
The hopelessness and passive resignation experienced when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
learned helplessness
An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a CR
a CS
This increases behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli
negative reinforcment
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses and produces the highest rates of responses in partial reinforcement
variable-ratio schedule
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
latent learning
Frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire when observing others
mirror neurons
A procedure in which the CS is paired with a new NS, creating a 2nd (often weaker) CS.
higher-order conditioning
The diminishing of a CR when an US no longer follows a CS; or decreased responses without reinforcement
extinction
Learning to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US; or learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced
discrimination
If an individual is rewarded for a behavior that they performed because of intrinsic motivation, eventually the intrinsic motivation will cease to exist
overjustification effect
The date of the AP Psychology exam in 2024
May 9