Mod 26
Who was the father of Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Define operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
What do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment?
Extrinsic motivation
After observing his sibling walk across a balance beam, Joe's brain reacts in a way that will enable him to imitate the actions later. Which part of his brain may be responsible for this?
Mirror neurons
What is Learning?
Process of requiring experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
What is negative reinforcement?
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
Elephants appear to have excellent _____________ because they can remember large sections of their territory.
cognitive maps
What is prosocial behavior?
positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior
What is Generalization?
tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. They produce high rates of responding, although performance drops just after reinforcement (ex., selling a certain number of items before getting commission)
What is taste aversion?
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. This learning occurs readily because our biology prepares us to learn taste aversions to toxic foods
Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following?
Observational learning
A young man and woman are on a date. The woman is wearing a perfume that smells like roses. Later when the young man smells roses in his garden he has happy memories of his date.
Label the US, UR, NS, CS, CR
US → date
UR→ the young women
NS→ the roses
CS→ the roses
CR→ the happy memories
On the first day of class, Professor Kallay tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Kallay's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
variable-interval
What is latent learning?
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
What is the best synonym for social learning?
Observational learning
Students in a school are accustomed to moving to the next class when music plays. After a period of time, the principal replaces the music with a bell to signal the end of class. If one day he plays the music by mistake and the students leave class, which of the following is being shown?
Spontaneous recovery
A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a
positive punishment. (PP)
Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success?
Self-Control
What process is the best at explaining how we learn languages?
Modeling