Learning
Sensation and Perception
People/Theories/Techniques
Cognitive
Motivation, Emotion, Personality
100

In Ivan Pavlov’s experiments in classical conditioning, the dog’s salivation was

  1. An unconditioned stimulus only

  2. An unconditioned response only

  3. A conditioned response only

  4. Both an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus 

  5. Both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

5. Both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

100

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word “exactly.”  Zach’s response is an example of

  1. The Gestalt principle of closure

  2. The Cocktail Party Effect

  3. Sensory Adaptation

  4. Bottom-up Processing

  5. The Just-Noticeable Difference

2. The Cocktail Party Effect

100

B.F. Skinner is best known as the founder of

  1. Behaviorism

  2. Functionalism

  3. Rationalism

  4. Structuralism

  5. Mechanism

1. Behaviorism

100

Alice is shopping with her daughter when she hears the word “mom.”  Alice answers, only to realize that the sales clerk said “ma’am” to a customer.  This inaccurate perception can be attributed to

  1. Perceptual expectancy

  2. The Müller-Lyer illusion

  3. Weber’s law

  4. Figure-ground organization

  5. Sound constancy

1. Perceptual expectancy

100

Martin has severely restricted his caloric intake for two weeks to reach a goal weight for his wrestling meet.  Immediately after the meet, Martin stops by a restaurant and orders a large pizza and a dessert.  This post meet eating behavior is best explained by 

  1. Drive-reduction theory

  2. Optimal arousal theory

  3. Evolutionary theory

  4. Cognitive dissonance

  5. The general adaptation syndrome

1. Drive-reduction theory

200

The “Little Albert” study demonstrated that

  1. Humans can learn through observation

  2. Biological constraints affect learning in humans

  3. Fear can be conditioned in humans

  4. Punishment can effectively decrease behavior in humans

  5. Learning in humans is fundamentally different from learning in other species

3. Fear can be conditioned in humans

200

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processes is called

  1. Transduction

  2. Sensory threshold

  3. Sensory adaptation

  4. Parallel processing

  5. Transferred excitation

1. Transduction

200

An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of

  1. Learning

  2. Free Will

  3. Determinism

  4. Biological instincts

  5. Unconscious processes 

2. Free Will

200

A one-year-old child learns that the furry animals with bushy tails she sees outside her window are squirrels.  Later she sees chipmunks outside the window and believes those are also squirrels.  Which Piagetian concept is the child demonstrating?

  1. Equilibration

  2. Conservation

  3. Object Permanence

  4. Accommodation

  5. Assimilation

5. Assimilation

200

Which of the following best depicts the relation between performance and arousal?


A



300

Which of the following is NOT a product of learning?

  1. Slowing down to avoid getting a ticket

  2. Squinting in bright light

  3. Doing chores in order to receive money

  4. Getting acclimated to the frequent sound of trains going past one’s house

  5. Becoming afraid of dogs after being bitten by a dog.

2. Squinting in bright light

300

In vision, transduction occurs within the *

  1. Optic nerve

  2. Visual cortex

  3. Retina

  4. Lens

  5. Cornea

3. Retina

300

In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences.  What method would the participant be using?

  1. Functionalism

  2. Introspection

  3. Biofeedback

  4. Dream analysis

  5. Behaviorism

2. Introspection

300

Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

  1. Sensorimotor

  2. Preoperational

  3. Postformal

  4. Concrete Operations

  5. Formal Operations

2. Preoperational

300

The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is

  1. Oxytocin

  2. Dopamine

  3. Norepinephrine

  4. Serotonin

  5. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

2. Dopamine

400


The above graph of conditioning shows which of the following concepts?

  1. Avoidance and escape learning

  2. Habituation and blocking

  3. Positive and negative reinforcement

  4. Generalization, discrimination, and higher order conditioning

  5. Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

5. Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

400


In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the 

  1. Image on the retina becomes smaller

  2. Image on the retina remains constant in size

  3. Perceived distance of the object becomes greater

  4. Perceived distance of the object becomes smaller

  5. Perceived distance of the object remains constant


d. Perceived distance of the object becomes smaller

400

The sociocultural perspective is best reflected in which of the following research findings?

  1. Shortly after young children were exposed to a bacterial streptococcal infection the began displaying symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder

  2. Brain imaging studies show higher levels of activity in the limbic system of individuals with depression when responding to negative emotional information.

  3. In the United States individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder switch identities upon suggestion, while in India individuals diagnosed with the same disorder switch personalities only upon awakening.

  4. Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder show weaker startle responses when shown unpleasant stimuli.

  5. As genetic relatedness increases so does the likelihood that a relative of a person with schizophrenia will also develop schizophrenia.

3. In the United States individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder switch identities upon suggestion, while in India individuals diagnosed with the same disorder switch personalities only upon awakening.

400

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

  1. Retrieval

  2. Storage

  3. Rehearsal

  4. Encoding

  5. Transfer  

4. Encoding

400

Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him.



According to the James-Lange theory, after seeing the snake, Ted will most likely

  1. Start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake.

  2. Feel fear and then start trembling without explicitly processing the snake.

  3. Start trembling, then interpret the snake as dangerous, and then feel fear.

  4. Interpret the snake as dangerous, then start trembling, and then feel fear.

  5. Interpret the snake as dangerous, then feel fear, and then start trembling.

1. Start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake.

500

In what important way does research on taste aversion conducted by John Garcia and Robert Koelling demonstrate how biology can strongly influence classical conditioning?

  1. By showing that some associations between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are more easily learned than others.

  2. By showing that pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus is not required.

  3. By showing that the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus must be presented together.

  4. By showing that cognition is not necessary for conditioning to occur.

  5. By showing that all learning cues can be conditioned equally well.

1. By showing that some associations between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are more easily learned than others.

500


Which monocular depth cure is illustrated in the figure above?

  1. Accommodation

  2. Texture gradient

  3. Relative size

  4. Interposition

  5. Linear perspective

5. Linear perspective

500

Carol Gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on

  1. Male repression of females, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on economics.

  2. Rational abstract principles, whereas the reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context.

  3. Legalistic ideals, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on more humanistic ideals.

  4. Observational learning, whereas the moral reasoning of females is genetically determined for the most part.

  5. Physical strength, whereas males start developing morally later than females but surpass them soon afterward

2. Rational abstract principles, whereas the reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context.

500

The ratio of mental age to chronological age for a child of average intelligence is

  1. 1:1

  2. 1:15

  3. 1:25

  4. 1:50

  5. 1:100

1:1

500

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the validity of the Big Five personality traits in describing human personality?

  1. Many companies have embraced testing the Big Five personality traits in order to screen applicants.

  2. The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy.

  3. Low conscientiousness predicts high job performance.

  4. Individuals from some cultures (e.g., the Tsimané, members of a small tribe of hunter-gatherers in the Bolivian lowlands) do not show the typical pattern of results.

  5. The Big Five do not explain all aspects of human personality (e.g., religiosity)

2. The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy.

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