Unit 0/1
A study finds that as sleep decreases, anxiety tends to increase. This is an example of which type of correlation?
Negative Correlation
What is the difference between a correlational study and an experiment?
Correlation DOES NOT equal Causation.
Experiments require variables to be manipulated.
A correlational study shows relationships between two things while experiments show direct cause.
The difference between positive and negative reinforcement is....
Positive reinforcement refers to giving something someone likes; negative reinforcement refers to taking something away that people don't like; both involve hoping the behavior happens more often.
When a person adjusts their ideas or beliefs to fit a specific social standard, this is known as...
The main purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual in Psychology is...
To provide symptoms of a variety of mental disorders.
The idea that a neuron either fires or it doesn't, and it does not depend on the strength of a stimulus but rather it meets the initial threshold.
all-or-nothing principle.
The smallest sound, sight, or hearing that a living being can detect is called a(n)...
absolute threshold
Define learned helplessness
Think of always failing math. If you never do well on a math test, you may always feel powerless when math tests come.
When one makes a massive request that people deny, and then follow it up with a smaller request hoping they'd agree to do it, it's called the...
Door-in-the-face phenomenon.
Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge-eating are all types of...
Eating disorders.
List all four lobes in the brain and their main function.
Frontal lobe--decision-making
Parietal lobe--touch
Occipital Lobe--vision
Temporal lobe--hearing
Sensations is the detection of the stimuli, perceptions is how we see it and think of it.
A student in Mr. Troy's AP Psychology class gets a question wrong and he feels sad. One day Mr. Troy tries an experiment. When he gets a question wrong, Mr. Troy throws a marker at him. Every time he gets a question wrong, he thinks a marker will be thrown at him and he ducks underneath his laptop. What is the conditioned response?
Ducking under a laptop.
The tendency to understate someone's situation and overstate their personal dispositions (i.e., they're "mean" instead of having a tough day or experiencing a traumatic event) is called...
Fundamental Attribution Error.
Trying to remain positive and find the joys in life rather than focusing on the negatives can positively impact a person's mental health. This is called...
Positive Psychology
Describe the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic activates the fight or flight response; parasympathetic activates the rest and digest response.
What's the difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing?
Bottom-up is experiencing a stimulus and the stimulus goes to the brain (i.e., looking at a chair).
Top-down processing is using prior experience and brain knowledge to understand (i.e., reading messy handwriting).
Explain the difference between continuous and discontinuous development.
Continuous sees learning and development as a constant, day-by-day process; discontinuous believes that there are various unique stages of learning.
Mr. Cashman assigns a project to Harry, Jason, Steven, and Ivan. He notices that Harry, Jason, and Steven are working hard, but Ivan is taking it easy. Ivan is experiencing...
Social loafing--the tendency to not work as hard in a group when you're with others.
The neurotransmitter that processes pain into the central nervous system. Ironically, the "substance" has the same letter in it that pain begins with.
Substance P.
A person smokes cigarettes for 30 years and a doctor tells them that 3 out of every 10 smokers for 30+ years die from lung cancer. The person explains it as "that means 7 out of 10 smokers don't die from lung cancer." This is an example of...
Framing
Reinforcement has 4 different "schedules" where it could occur. List the 4 schedules and explain each one.
Fixed ratio--After a certain number of times, a reward comes (i.e., a free coffee every 6 coffees you buy from Starbucks).
Variable ratio--The reward happens after a random number of times. A good example is the casino, where you may win after playing a slot machine 5 times or you may win after 500 times.
Fixed interval--The reward comes at the same time/day. A paycheck is a good way of remembering this. It comes on the same day every week/month.
Variable interval--The reward comes at random times. i.e., going fishing and waiting for a bite. Catching a fish might take 20 minutes or it could take 2 hours.
What is the name of the theory in humanistic psychology that tries to guide people towards self-actualization?
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
List FIVE methods that can be used to help treat a person's mental health issues.
Talk therapy, like Cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Pharmacotherapy (treatment w/medication).
Group therapies.
Lifestyle interventions.
Exposure therapy
Electroconvulsion Therapy (LAST RESORT!!!!!)
There's so many various methods.