Learning
Sensation and Perception
People/Theories/Techniques
Cognitive Psychology
Motivation, Emotion, and Personality
100
Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father?
Mary Ainsworth’s theory of attachment because it focuses on whether a child has a secure or insecure attachment.
Lev Vygotsky’s social learning theory, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure or insecure attachment.
Lev Vygotsky’s social learning theory, because it focuses on the zone of proximal development.
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, because it includes the concept of the zone of proximal development.
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, because it includes the concept of the Oedipal complex.
3. Lev Vygotsky’s social learning theory, because it focuses on the zone of proximal development.
100
Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires
Perceptual Constancy
Feature Detection
Sensory Adaptation
Blindsight
Selective Attention
5. Selective Attention
100
In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?
Socialization
Cognition
Maturation
Experience
Information Processing
3. Maturation
100
Which of the following is an example of metacognition?
Memorizing 100 words in a foreign language
Recognizing the faces of people after meeting them once
Solving a complex problem in a slow, deliberate way
Understanding the role of various parts of the brain in memory
Knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning statistical formulas
5. Knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning statistical formulas
100
Which of the following relates most to the lowest level of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Social affiliation
Self-actualization
Fight-or-flight response
Intrinsic motivation
Drive reduction
5. Drive Reduction
200
Zeke is attempting to learn more about his world. When he encounters a new object, he picks it up and puts it in his mouth. Zeke is most likely in which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Postconventional
1. Sensorimotor
200
Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by:
Top-down processing
Bottom-up processing
Parallel processing
Retinal disparity
Color constancy
1. Top-down processing
200
Of the following, an evolutionary psychologist will most likely investigate the
Age of children when they speak their first words
Speed of an action potential
Reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark
Factors that make a person feel accepted by others
Features of a car that make it easier for a person to operate.
3. Reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark
200
According to research by Fergus I.M. Craik and Endel Tulving on levels of processing, which of the following would most improve the ability to recall the word “umbrella”?
Counting the number of syllables in the word “umbrella”
Deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip
Mentally spelling the word “umbrella”
Writing the word “umbrella”
Deciding whether the word “umbrella” rhymes with the word “banana”
2. Deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip
200
Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?
Safety, physiological, esteem
Basic, subordinate, intermediate
Basic, subordinate, superordinate
Physiological, safety, esteem, belonging, self-actualization
Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization
5. Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization
300
An individual’s fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in non-threatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been
Satiated
Suppressed
Repressed
Extinguished
Punished
4.
Extinguished
300
The table above is most likely to be used in a study investigating which of the following?
Prisoner’s dilemma
Systematic desensitization
Gene-environment interactions
The blind spot
Signal detection
5. Signal detection
300
Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past twenty-five years?
A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the lifespan.
A shift from a cognitive to a psychoanalytic interpretation of developmental phenomena.
A shift in research focus from cognitive to personality development.
A decrease in interest in the physiological factors affecting growth and development.
A decrease in interest in the study of the cognitive components of intellect.
1. A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the lifespan.
300
A teacher has to learn 170 new student names every year and finds it difficult to remember the names of former students. The teacher’s memory problem most likely results from
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Retroactive amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
The misinformation effect
2. Retroactive interference
300
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from
Biochemical changes in the pituitary
Cognitive labels of physiological changes
Instinctual behavior
Level of arousal
Need for affiliation
2. Cognitive labels of physiological changes
400
A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog’s tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog’s tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Negative punishment
Positive punishment
Extinction
3.
Negative punishment
400
The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called
Accommodation
Adaptation
Conduction
Convergence
Consonance
1. Accommodation
400
Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist’s view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Cognitive
Sociobiological
Behavioral
3. Cognitive
400
Recent research on Jean Piaget’s cognitive stage theory of development indicates that
The ages of onset for the sensorimotor and preoperational stages of cognitive development are essentially the same.
The ages of onset for the preoperational and formal operational stages of cognitive development are essentially the same.
The age of onset for the sensorimotor stage occurs much later than originally established.
The ages of onset for many cognitive milestones occur earlier than originally established.
It is not possible to establish the ages of onset for cognitive developmental stages before a child is five years old.
4. The ages of onset for many cognitive milestones occur earlier than originally established.
400
According to psychoanalytic theory, Tom’s constant shoplifting suggests that he has an underdeveloped
Id
Superego
Defense mechanism
Pleasure principle
libido
2. Superego
500
Which of the following is the best example of shaping?
A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room.
An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months.
A child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times.
A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.
A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage
4. A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.
500
The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to
Convert the incoming sound from pounds per square inch to decibels
Protect the cochlea
Regulate change in the air pressure of the inner ear
Transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
Provide information to the vestibular system
4. Transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
500
Shaquille is 25 years old and is actively dating in order to find someone to settle down with. Which of the following theorists would best be able to explain Shaquille’s behavior
Erik Erikson
Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan
Sigmund Freud
B.F. Skinner
1. Erik Erikson
500
There are four aces in a 52-card deck of playing cards. Prior to drawing a card from the deck, Mary Alice estimates the chance that she will draw an ace and win a prize. Over a series of trials, she did not draw an ace, so she replaced the card she had drawn, shuffled the deck, and drew a card. The graph above shows her estimates of how likely it was that she would draw an ace on the next trial. The pattern of Mary Alice’s thinking reflects what psychological phenomenon?
Mental set
Flynn effect
Availability heuristic
Gambler’s fallacy
Reasoning by analogy
4. Gambler’s fallacy
500
Raven is an artist who is relaxed, self-disciplined, and emotionally stable. She is very trusting and cooperative. She prefers staying at home to going out socially. Which of the following diagrams best represent Raven’s personality according to the Big Five trait dimensions?
N = Neuroticism
A = Agreeableness
E = Extraversion
C = Conscientiousness
O = Openness
A
