Historical Figures
He established the first psychology laboratory to measure atoms of the mind.
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
Used introspection to reveal the structure of the mind
What is structuralism?
The definition of psychology
What is the science of behavior and mental processes?
Assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being
What is counseling psychology?
'I knew it all along.'
What is hindsight bias?
A descriptive technique in which an individual or a group are studied in depth
What is a case study?
A statistical measure of how strongly two variables are related
What is a correlation coefficient?
Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups
What is descriptive statistics?
A student of Wundt who introduced the school of thought called structuralism
Who is Edward Titchener?
Coined by John Locke in a historical paper known as "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding", meaning the mind at birth is a "blank slate".
What is tabula rasa?
The study of mental processes: how we perceive, process and remember information
What is cognitive psychology?
Studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders?
What is clinical psychology?
An explanation using an integrated set of principles
What is a theory?
A descriptive technique of observing and recoding behavior in naturally occurring situations
What is naturalistic observation?
Perceiving a relationship where none exists
What is an illusory correlation?
A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
What is a histogram?
Famed personality theorist who stressed the importance of unconscious motives
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Emphasized client-centered therapy and unconditional positive regard
What is Humanism?
The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
What is social-cultural psychology?
Allied with I/O psychology, explores how people and machines interact
What is human factors psychology?
Giving potential participants enough information to enable them to decide whether to participate in a study
What is informed consent?
The measured variable in a study that researchers expect to occur.
What is the dependent variable?
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
What is random assignment?
Numerical data that allow one to generalize, to infer from sample data the probability that something is true of a population
What is inferential statistics?
The first female with a PhD in psychology
Who is Margaret Washburn?
Emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior
What is Psychoanalytic Psychology?
The scientific study of human flourishing
What is positive psychology?
This type of psychology focuses on schools by assessing learning and providing advice for students.
What is school psychology?
A flawed sampling process
What is sampling bias?
In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment or manipulated variable
What is the control group?
An effect researchers discovered in the 1920s when testing if better lighting would boost workers output, but results showed a boost regardless of environmental changes such as lighting.
What is the Hawthorne effect?
A symmetrical, bell-shaped representation of a distribution of scores
What is a normal curve?
First prominent American psychologist who founded Functionalism
Who is William James?
An early school of thought that was influenced by Chales Darwin and aimed to identify how the mind and consciousness worked.
What is Functionalism?
Darwinism spurred the discussion of one of the biggest and most persistent issues in psychology, putting into question the source of character and intelligence. However, the debate goes back even further to the teacher-student argument of Plato and Aristotle.
What is nature versus nurture?
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological conditions.
What is psychiatry?
A testable prediction
What is a hypothesis?
A descriptive technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes ir behaviors
What is a survey?
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward the average
What is regression toward the mean?
The middle score within a distribution
What is a median?
Founded the 3rd force in psychology: behaviorism and Psychoanalysis were the first two
Who is Abraham Maslow?
Introduced by Edward Tichner, a student of Wundt, and it involved self-reflective reports of their experiences as they looked at nature or listened to appealing sounds such as Beethoven.
What is introspection?
An integrated approach combining different levels of analysis which consider the influence of psychology, biology and society on an individual.
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
This type of psychology may conduct basic research on learning or develop teaching methods.
What is educational psychology?
The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to participants
What is debriefing?
A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results
What is a confounding variable?
An experimental procedure in which neither the participants nor the experimenters are aware of which participants have received the treatment
What is a double-blind procedure?
A statistical statement that shows how similar or different 2 groups of means are. If the datasets have little or no overlap, then their difference would be significant.
What is statistical significance?
Founded Behaviorism and scared Little Albert
Who is John B. Watson?
Emphasized human grown potential.
What is Humanism?
The study of our body and brain, and of how our genes and environment influence our individual differences?
What is biological psychology?
This type of psychology focuses on designing, analyzing, and interpreting results of psychological research.
What is quantitative psychology?
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of participation
What is a random sample?
This type of research focuses on real world application and is much like functionalism as they both aim to understand how the mind and consciousness work and how they help to adapt to circumstances.
What is applied research?
The results of this type of study may not generalize to other contexts
What is the experimental research method?
A computed measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean
What is a standard deviation?
Tutored by James B. Watson at Harvard when all the men dropped the course after she was accepted into the program. Upon completion of her studies, Harvard refused to issue her degree, but she still went on to become the first female president of the American Psychological Association
Who is Mary Whiton Calkins?
In order for psychology to become an objective science, only studied observable behaviors
What is Behaviorism?
The study of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection. For example, how did anger facilitate the survival of individuals?
What is evolutionary psychology?
Studies how people interact with their environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
What is community psychology?
One of the most important parts of research because it defines with careful words what is to be observed and how.
What is an operational definition?
Case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys are ways of doing this type of research.
What is descriptive research?
Two research methods that do not manipulate any variables
What are descriptive and correlational?
A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
What is a skewed distribution?