Cognition
Cassidy can only remember the titles of the first few books her teacher told her to get from the library. Which of the following concepts would best explain Cassidy’s experience?
(A) Zone of proximal development
(B) Insight learning
(C) The misinformation effect
(D) The primacy effect
(D) The primacy effect
Jalil goes to a party where he meets several new people. When he tells his brother about it the next day, he can only remember the names of the last 3 people that he met. Which of the following memory concepts best describes Jalil's memory for the names of the people at the party?
(A) Primacy effect
(B) Recency effect
(C) Spacing effect
(D) Law of effect
(B) Recency effect
Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?
(A) Recalling a daughter’s wedding day vividly
(B) Recalling the equation to determine the volume of a cylinder
(C) Remembering how to swing a golf club
(D) Remembering feeling frightened when hearing the theme song to a popular horror movie
(B) Recalling the equation to determine the volume of a cylinder
The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called
(A) neural integration
(B) refraction
(C) synaptic transmission
(D) the action potential
(D) the action potential
Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of
(A) dissociation.
(B) narcolepsy.
(C) addiction.
(D) hypnagogic sensations.
(C) addiction.
Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. When she tries to immediately remember what she saw, which of the following types of memory does Hillary use?
(A) Iconic
(B) Declarative
(C) Implicit
(D) Echoic
(A) Iconic
An individual’s ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory?
(A) Semantic
(B) Flashbulb
(C) Procedural
(D) Episodic
(D) Episodic
Matthew learned to play the violin at a very early age. He is able to play several songs from memory, but he does not remember learning to play them. Matthew’s ability to play the violin depends on which of the following types of memory?
(A) Episodic
(B) Sensory
(C) Semantic
(D) Procedural
(D) Procedural
The network of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory is the....
(A) limbic system
(B) corpus callosum
(C) occipital lobe
(D) parietal lobe
(A) limbic system
Jane Goodall lived among wild chimpanzees intermittently for decades, studying their social and family systems while keeping her interaction with the chimpanzees to a minimum. Her research method can most accurately be described as
(A) case study
(B) experiment
(C) correlational research
(D) naturalistic observation
(D) naturalistic observation
Corey has a list of things he needs from the grocery store but forgets his list at home. At the store, Corey struggles to remember the items on his list, but when he sees a display of oranges, he remembers that oranges were on his list. This is an example of
(A) recall
(B) recognition
(C) working memory
(D) sensory memory
(B) recognition
Joe’s best friend Liz says, “I heard the best joke from my sister” and then proceeds to tell Joe the joke that he had told her last week. Liz is most likely experiencing
(A) retrieval failure
(B) retrograde amnesia
(C) encoding failure
(D) source amnesia
(D) source amnesia
Many participants in a study of memory were led to falsely believe that they were lost in a shopping mall as a young child. What memory construction error was demonstrated by the researchers’ ability to create these artificial memories?
(A) Source amnesia
(B) Misinformation effect
(C) Context-dependent memory
(D) Confirmation Bias
(B) Misinformation effect
Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen?
(A) marijuana
(B) Nembutal
(C) ecstasy
(D) heroin
(C) ecstasy
A researcher studying stress wants to be sure that income levels do not affect the results of the research. Which of the following is used to reduce the effects of confounding variables in experiments?
(A) Descriptive statistics
(B) Inferential statistics
(C) An algorithm
(D) Random assignment
(D) Random assignment
Which of the following occurs during long-term potentiation?
(A) Memory improves because neural pathways are strengthened.
(B) Mnemonic devices are used to help retrieve information.
(C) Memories are formed as a result of transduction.
(D) Information is more easily remembered as a result of deep processing.
(A) Memory improves because neural pathways are strengthened.
After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing
(A) dissociative fugue
(B) dissociative amnesia
(C) retrograde amnesia
(D) anterograde amnesia
(D) anterograde amnesia
Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference?
(A) After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident.
(B) Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before.
(C) Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.
(D) Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone.
(C) Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.
Dr. Stepnik is conducting a study to determine the best treatment for anorexia nervosa. Some of the participants have been through several treatment programs while others have not. Dr. Stepnik decides to let the participants who have never been treated before to be in Group 1, while the other participants are all assigned to Group 2. Which of the following terms best identifies Dr. Stepnik's decision not to randomly assign the participants to the groups?
(A) Independent variable
(B) Dependent variable
(C) Control variable
(D) Confounding variable
(D) Confounding variable
A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the
(A) left frontal lobe
(B) area of the hypothalamus
(C) reticular activating system
(D) somatosensory cortex
(B) area of the hypothalamus
A man sustains a head injury. After the injury, he is able to tie his shoes, but he does not recall where he lives. Which aspect of the man’s memory is intact and which aspect is dysfunctional, respectively?
(A) Procedural and semantic
(B) Procedural and sensory
(C) Episodic and procedural
(D) Episodic and semantic
(A) Procedural and semantic
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?
(A) Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate.
(B) Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.
(C) Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying.
(D) Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher’s name suddenly came to her.
(B) Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.
Professor DuVall teaches two classes of psychology. For Class Y, their first quiz consisted of multiple-choice questions. Class Z’s first quiz covered the same material, but the questions required that students write a short answer for each question. Professor DuVall compared the scores for Class Y and Class Z and found that the mean score for Class Y was 76%, while the mean score for Class Z was 89%. In terms of memory retrieval processes, which of the following is consistent with this outcome?
(A) Recognition processes led to higher scores than recall on this quiz.
(B) Recall led to higher scores than recognition on this quiz.
(C) The range is more accurate than the mean when interpreting this type of data.
(D) The students’ metacognition was a major influence on scores for Class Z, but not for Class Y.
(B) Recall led to higher scores than recognition on this quiz.
In a recent study, researchers examined the impact of wearing face masks on speech perception. Participants were screened for normal hearing, then randomly assigned to one of two groups. Both groups listened to the same series of phrases spoken by a research assistant. In the first group, the research assistant wore a face mask, while in the second group, he did not. The researchers measured the amplitude at which the participants could hear the phrases with and without the face mask. The study’s findings indicated that wearing face masks impaired the participants’ ability to perceive speech. Which of the following concepts best explains the point at which the participants were first able to detect the sound of the research assistant’s voice?
(A) the just noticeable difference
(B) place theory
(C) gate-control theory
(D) the absolute threshold
(D) the absolute threshold
Sleep deprivation has been shown to
(A) increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks.
(B) reduce hypertension.
(C) diminish immunity to disease.
(D) decrease narcolepsy.
(C) diminish immunity to disease.