Memory Lane
What are the three measurments of retention? Provide explantion for each measurement of retention.
Recall - (retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awarness but that was learned at an earlier time)
Recognition - (a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, like a multipe-choice test.)
Relearning - ( a measure of memory that assess the amount if the time savedd when learning material again.)
What is episodic memories?
Ability to recall specfic events from your past, including context when they occured.
What are retrieval cues?
Stimuli or hints that help you access memories stored in your long-term memory.
What is the three steps of the Information Processing Model?
1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Relearning
Owen is taking a multiple-choice Psychology Unit test, he sees a question on the test that he remember reading when he went through his notes last night. What is he demonstrating?
What is the difference and similarity between short-term memory and long-term memory?
Short-Term Memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as dights of a phone number. Short-Term Memory is useful for following directions.
Long-Term Memory: The permante and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Both: These both share the process of the recall, recognition, and relearning.
What is parallel processing? Give an exmaple of parallel processing.
Parallel processing, the ability to handle multiple aspects of a problem simultaneously, rather than one at a time.
An example of parallel processing is driving, when you are drivining you are taking in mutiple stimuli such as the road, other cars, traffic lights.
What is Context-Dependent?
Where you recall information more easily when you are in the same physical environment where you first learned it.
What is Encoding Specificity Principle?
Memory retrieval is enhanced when the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding.
Mei has a test in her Math, Biology, Psychology, and US History classes this week, she spends 30 minutes on each subject during each of her study sessions, what type of strategy is she using?
Interleaving - mixing different subjects or problem types within a single study session instead of focusing on one topic at a time.
What are the three Componets of Working Memory? Provide an explanation for them
Central Executive: This is the most important componet, and acts as a coordination system that controls activites of the Phonological Loop and Visuospatial Sketch Board. It is also responsible for problem-solving and decision-making.
Phonological Loop: a memory compnet that briefly holds auditory information.
Visuospatial Sketch Board: a memory componet that briefly holds information about objects apperance and location in space.
What is the testin effect?
Actively retrieving information through testing strenghts long-term memory.
What is State-Dependent?
A person ability to recall information is improved when their internal state (physical or emotional) at time of retrieval is the same as it was when they first learned the information.
What is Proactive interference? Provide an exmaple of proactive interfernence.
Where previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information. Example is like an old number and new phone numbers.
On the AP Psychology Exam, Eric got a 75 while his friend Ben got a 98. Eric crammed all of the information the night before, while Ben spent time on different topics every signle day for the last two weeks. What did Ben demonstrate and why did he get a higher score?
2. Learning is more effective when repeated in spaced retitions.
NFL Quarterback Tom Brady must remeber the playbook routes while reading the defensive formation and their movments. Brady holds multiple options in in mind (short pass, deep throw, handoff) these decisions are based on the defense move after the snap. What type of memory is this?
Working Memory
What is Method of loci?
A mnemonic device that helps improve memory by associating information with specific, memorable locations in a familiar mental space, like a house or a familia r route.
What is Mood Congruent?
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current emotional state.
What is Anterograde Amnesia?
The inability to form new memories following the onset of a condition, often a brain injury.
"We shallow eight spides a year in our sleep" is a classic saying that everyone has heard but not knowing where they got the information, what does this demonstrate?
Source Amnesia: Remembering that a specific fact is true but being unable to recall who told you or where you learned it from
What does LTP stand for, and what does it mean?
LTP is Long-term potentiation
An increase in nerve. Cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; neural basis for learning and memory.
What are the two strategies to remember short-term information such as a phone number or a grocery list? Provide an explantion for both strategies.
Chunking: organizing pieces of information into small number of meaning units. This improves memory recall. Indivudal peices of information grouped into larger.
Mnemonics: Memory aids, that helps us link and memorize complex information to easy-to remember new concepts.
Jon is doing his weekly shopping at Hy-vee, however he forgot his list of grocceries to buy, but he remembers the last couple of items on his list, what type of retrieval is he showing?
Serial Position Effect
What is Reconsolidation?
The process where a previously stored memory becomes vulnerable to change when it is recalled and then re-stored.
Alex is on the varsity for her highschool tennis team, one night out with friends they went to go play pickleball together, and Alex started beating her friends in pickleball. What is Alex demonstrating?
Positive Transfer: The concept that learning a new skill is made easier because of a previously learned similar skill.