Perception
This type of processing relies on prior expectations rather than sensory input.
top-down processing?
top-down processing
The mental shortcut that can lead to errors based on stereotypes or expectations is called this.
representativeness heuristic
This type of memory is responsible for future-oriented actions.
prospective memory
This strategy involves grouping information into meaningful units.
chunking
This type of validity measures whether a test evaluates what it claims to evaluate.
construct validity
Schemas and perceptual sets are examples of internal or external types of factors influencing perception.
Internal Factors
When people cling to a prior successful approach to solving a problem, they are influenced by this.
Mental Set
The model that includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory is known as this.
the multi-store model
Memories are easier to recall when in the same emotional state as when they were formed. This is called this.
mood-congruent memory
The Flynn Effect describes how IQ scores have increased due to these types of factors.
societal factors
This Gestalt principle explains why we perceive objects close together as part of a group.
Proximity
The cognitive bias that leads individuals to believe they are "due for a win" is known as this.
Gambler's Fallacy
Explicit memory includes these two types.
episodic and semantic memory
Spacing out study sessions instead of cramming improves encoding through this effect.
the spacing effect
This statistical concept ensures a test yields consistent results over time.
reliability
This effect explains why we notice our name being mentioned even in a loud, distracting environment.
Cocktail Party Effect
This framework involves adjusting schemas by incorporating new information.
Accommodation
The strengthening of synaptic connections with frequent activation is called this.
long-term potentiation
The serial position effect predicts items from these two parts of a list are most memorable.
The beginning and the end
This controversial bias in intelligence testing can limit access to jobs or educational opportunities.
stereotype threat
The failure to notice significant changes in the environment due to inattention is known as this phenomenon.
Change Blindness
The tendency to use mental resources for goal-directed behaviors and critical thinking is supported by this set of cognitive processes.
executive functions
The central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad are part of this memory system.
working memory
This retrieval strategy enhances memory by actively testing and evaluating knowledge.
retrieval practice
This term describes whether intelligence is a single general ability or multiple distinct abilities.
g factor versus multiple intelligences debate