Themes & Methods
These are ethical principles researchers must follow when conducting studies in which participants are told about the study and promised anonymity.
What are informed consent and confidentiality?
This term describes the emotional bond between a child and a caregiver.
What is attachment?
This type of learning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is classical conditioning?
This is the first stage of Piaget's theory, where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions up to about 2 years old.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
This linguist proposed the theory of universal grammar, suggesting that the ability to acquire language is innate to humans.
Who is Noam Chomsky?
This term refers to a clear statement of the procedures used to define research variables.
What is an operational definition?
This concept suggests that children learn behaviors by observing and imitating others.
What is modeling?
This type of learning is based on the consequences of behavior, including reinforcement and punishment.
What is operant conditioning?
This cognitive milestone involves the ability to think about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations, often emerging in adolescence.
What is formal operational thought?
This term refers to the stage in language development when children begin to combine words into simple sentences, typically occurring around age 2.
What is telegraphic speech?
The two main types of research methods used in psychology are these.
What are qualitative and quantitative methods?
This term refers to the ability to recognize and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.
What is emotional intelligence?
This term describes learning that occurs by observing others, without direct reinforcement.
What is vicarious conditioning?
This psychological phenomenon occurs when there's a conflict between beliefs and behavior, leading to discomfort.
What is cognitive dissonance?
This hypothesis posits that there is a crucial timeframe for language acquisition in early childhood.
What is the critical period hypothesis?
This type of study tracks the same group of individuals over a long period.
What is a longitudinal study?
This theory explains how children may learn aggressive behaviors by observing violent models.
What is social learning theory?
This is the process that strengthens behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding.
What is reinforcement?
This term describes the ability to understand that others have thoughts and perspectives different from one's own, developing during early childhood.
What is theory of mind?
This theory suggests that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions of the world.
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
This research method involves observing behavior in an unmanipulated setting.
What is naturalistic observation?
This aspect of psychology examines how cultural contexts shape emotional expression.
What is cultural influence on emotion?
This type of learning occurs without any obvious reinforcement and is not immediately reflected in behavior.
What is latent learning?
This stage is characterized by the ability to perform operations mentally rather than physically, typically occurring between ages 7 and 11.
What is the concrete operational stage?
This influential figure argued that children are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that facilitates language learning.
Who is Noam Chomsky?