reinforcement terms
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
what is the Primary reinforcer?
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
what is Classical conditioning?
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
what is Conditioned response (CR)?
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
what is Conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
what is insight?
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
what is positive reinforcement?
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
what is an Unconditioned response (UR)?
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
what is a Reinforcer?
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response
what is Unconditioned stimulus (US)?
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
what is Generalization?
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (Note: negative reinforcement is not a punishment)
what is negative reinforcement?
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
what is Operant conditioning?
The diminishing of a conditioned response
what is Extinction?
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
what is punishment?
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
what is Spontaneous recovery?
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
what is a Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer?
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
what is Acquisition?
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
what is Discrimination?
adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease behavior
what is Positive punishment?
also known as the Garcia effect. Occurs when a subject associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance.
what is Taste aversion?
Also known as the relativity theory of reinforcement. More probable (desirable) behaviors (or activities) will reinforce less probable (desirable) behaviors (activities).
what is the Premack principle?
In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
what is the Operant chamber (Skinner box)?
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
what is shaping?
taking away a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior
what is Negative punishment?
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequence become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less likely
what is the law of effect?