Introduction to Learning
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of what type of learning?
associative learning
In classical conditioning, a person learns to anticipate events by associating two _____________?
Stimuli
A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate is a __________________.
Skinner Box
This type of observational learning is often exhibited in the process of learning a language.
Modeling
This physiologist investigated how organisms are conditioned to respond to a neutral stimuli after being paired with a stimuli that causes an automatic response.
Ivan pavlov
In the context of learning and memory, this term describes mental representations of spatial relationships or layouts.
Cognitive Maps
In Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was ____________.
Unconditioned Stimulus
After scratching at the couch, a cat is sprayed with water, making it less likely the cat will scratch the couch in the future. What do we refer to this type of reinforcement?
Positive Punishment
Eli got sick and puked from eating bad wings. He feels sick if he eats wings but not if he sees the wings. What is the biological predisposition in this example?
taste aversion
According to this psychologist, human behavior is primarily controlled by external influences.
B.F. Skinner
If rats are allowed to wander a maze, they will subsequently run the maze with fewer errors when a food reward is placed at the end, having stamped a cognitive map. The good performance demonstrates _________________.
Latent Learning
The aroma of a baking cake sets your mouth to watering, the salivation is the __________________.
conditioned response
Escape from an aversive stimulus is what kind of reinforcer?
Negative
Carson learns to line dance by watching Jake line dance. This demonstrates what theory of observational learning theory?
Social learning theory
This psychologist used a Bobo doll to demonstrate observational learning.
Albert Bandura
This form of learning involves solving problems through sudden understanding or realization rather than through trial and error.
Insight Learning
You learned to associate the sound of a dentists drill to a fearful reaction because of a painful experience at the dentist. If you react the same way at the sound of a power tool, what classical conditioning concept is at play here?
stimulus generalization
If you work hard all year at work, you get an annual bonus each December. Which schedule of reinforcement applies?
Fixed interval
There was nothing social in this research study that conditioned one individual to be scared of a mouse.
Little Albert
This psychologist was the foundation for the work of BF Skinner and is credited with the Law of Effect.
E.L. Thorndike
In a classic experiment, psychologist Martin Seligman exposed dogs to repeated electric shocks with no way to escape. Over time, the dogs learned that they had no control over the shocks, even when placed in a situation where escape was possible. This experiment demonstrated the concept of _________________
learned helplessness.
This process occurs when a previously reinforced or conditioned response diminishes over time in the absence of reinforcement or the conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
You buy 10 tickets to the homecoming raffle but do not win. You then buy 10 tickets to the prom raffle hoping to win. Which schedule of reinforcement applies?
variable ratio
These neurons are believed to play a role in empathy and imitation, firing both when an individual performs an action and when they see someone else perform the same action.
Mirror Neurons
This theorist conducted research on latent learning and cognitive maps.
Edward Tolman
learning theorists were known as
Behaviorists
A puff of air blown in the eyes is classical conditioning because every species would exhibit the reflexive behavior of blinking. What is the UCS and the UCR?
UCS is puff of air and UCR is blink
Tennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net, before attempting to reinforce hard, cross court shots best illustrates what process?
Shaping
Organisms that display latent learning, according to Edward Tolman, have formed a ______________
Cognitive Map
He said,"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will guarantee to take any random one and train him to be a doctor, lawyer, ect"
John Watson
The contingency model of classical conditioning states that conditioning only occurs when one event reliably predicts another. Who is responsible for this research?
Robert Rescorla
If the sight of a dog elicits fear, but in therapy the fear is gradually extinguished, therefore weakening the fear. If you see a dog again after extinction, resulting in a degree of fear, we refer to this as __________________.
Spontaneous Recovery
The use of a token economy would be an example of what type of reinforcer?
Secondary
Insight learning is referred to as the sudden realization that something "just came to you" of how to solve a problem. What school of psychology is this most closely related to. Hint: not behaviorism.
Gestalt
This psychologist demonstrated that rats may learn an aversion to tastes, on which their survival depends, but not to sight and sounds.
John Garcia