Psychology of Social Situations
What is the difference between individualistic cultures and collectivist cultures?
Individualistic cultures = Focused on "I" (self-directed behavior); individual goals, achievement, and success. Honesty and integrity are highly valued.
Collectivist cultures = Focused on "we" (identification with the group); family, nation, company, team, etc. Social harmony and loyalty to the group are highly valued.
________ is the hormone that motivates us to eat food, while __________ is the hormone that motivates us to stop eating.
Ghrelin
Leptin
The three components of Freud's psychodynamic theory are: The ______ which represents blind will and instinctuality. The ______ represents one's conscious identity and self-image. The _______ represents parental influences and what one considers moral and conventional in society.
ego
superego
According to Bandura, what is "self-efficacy"? How does it differ from self esteem?
Self Efficacy = refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in a given context and/or situation. It is based on practice, demonstrated competence, and also courage and a growth mindset.
Self Esteem = a general sense of one's worth / overall self concept.
What is conformity? How did Asch study it? What were the results of Asch's studies?
Modifying one's behavior in response to environmental or social pressure.
Asch used the line matching paradigm where confederates of the researchers would give intentionally incorrect answers on the "critical trials"
More than half of naive participants denied the evidence of their senses and conformed to group pressure at least once on the "critical trials". Conformity rates reduced dramatically when a single confederate broke the anonymity and even more so when participants were allowed to write their responses.
The ____________ is the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
C.G. Jung's model of the psyche includes personal forces such as the _________ which represents our individual dark side, and impersonal forces such as the _________________ which are the shared patterns of all of humanity.
shadow
archetypes of the collective unconscious
In the "Big 5" trait personality inventory, what does OCEAN stand for?
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness (industriousness and orderliness)
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (tendency toward negative emotion)
What is obedience? How did Milgram study it? What were the results of Milgram's studies?
Obedience = complying with a command from (usually) what is perceived to be a legitimate authority.
In his shock studies, Milgram measured the extent to which people were willing to obey authority even when it conflicted with their conscience.
65% of naive participants gave (what they thought was) a fatal shock (450 volts) to the other participant (actually a confederate of the researcher) under pressure from the authority. 100% of participants complied and delivered shocks until at least 150 volts.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic = motivated to do something for internal rewards (ex: enjoyment, sense of accomplishment, learning, curiosity, etc.)
External = motivated to do something for external rewards (ex: money, grades, status, prestige, etc.)
Diagram Maslow's hierarchy of needs:
Self-Actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving.
Esteem: confidence, competence, respect, achievement.
Love/Belonging: friendship, family, intimacy
Safety: security, employment, resources, health
Survival: food, water, sleep, shelter
External factors (environment)
Internal factors (biology/genes/thinking)
Behavior (ex: aggression)
What is deindividuation? What are two examples?
________ is the phenomena by which people in as part of a large group can (temporarily) lose their individual identity and engage in behaviors that they would never do under normal conditions.
Examples include:
(1) Looting and rioting during mass protests.
(2) Killing someone as part of a military operation.
(3) Screaming and crying during a sports event or concert.
Paul Ekman discovered 7 basic, universal emotions with corresponding facial expressions. They are:
Anger, Sorrow, Surprise, Happiness, Contempt, Fear, Disgust.
What is a projective test? What are two examples of projective tests? Describe each briefly:
Projective tests have been utilized to uncover patients' unconscious thoughts, motivations, and fantasies.
Rorschach Ink Blot Test: various symmetrical patterns of ink are presented and patients give their interpretations of their meanings.
Thematic Apperception Test: an image is presented and patients are asked to give their interpretation of what has happened in the story.
Word-Association Tests: therapist gives a word and patient says all of their associations with that word.
The __________ is a phenomenon in which individuals tend to overestimate the extent to which others notice and pay attention to their appearance, behavior, or actions, leading to self-consciousness and social anxiety.
"spotlight effect"
___________ is the extent to which you think events are due to luck, circumstance, and forces out of your control or a result of your determination, effort, planning, and will. The first is called __________ and the 2nd is called ____________.
Locus of Control
External Locus of Control
Internal Locus of Control
What are Lewin's 3 'Motivational Conflicts'? Describe each briefly:
APPROACH-APPROACH
Two desirable options. A type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two desirable outcomes.
APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
Conflict involving a single goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects.
AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE
Two undesirable options. A conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two unattractive outcomes.
What is a "defense mechanism"? Give an example of one:
Unconscious strategies or tactics used by the ego to protect against anxiety, threats, or conflicts, by distorting reality, repressing impulses, or redirecting emotions.
Projection / Denial / Rationalization / Repression /
Sublimation / Reaction Formation / Dissassociation
To what extent can we measure personality? Who or what is the self that we are measuring?
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