Memory Processes & Systems
What are the stages of memory in order?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Ebbinghaus's graphical representation of retention and forgetting over time
What is a forgetting curve?
Proposed that humans are equipped with an innate language acquisition device
Who is Noam Chomskey?
This is a step-by-step procedure that guarantee a solution.
What is an algorithm?
A child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
What is an intelligence quotient?
A phenome is this
Smallest meaningful unit of sound in a language?
You are using this memory system when you answer "who is the first president of the United States?"
What is semantic memory?
Occurs when you have better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle
What is the serial-position effect?
Who is Benjamin Lee Whorf?
A rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions
What is a heuristic?
The type of intelligence that involves one's ability to deal effectively with the kinds of problems encountered in everyday life
What is practical intelligence?
Broca's area is in this lobe of the brain
Frontal Lobe
Occurs when your recall of an event you witnessed is altered by the introduction of misleading post-event information
What is the misinformation effect?
Occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
What is proactive interference?
Created the first useful intelligence test, aimed at predicting children's success in school
Who is Alfred Binet?
Exists when you persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
What is a mental set?
What is reaction range?
Bob, a 2 year old, saw a red car on the TV so he pointed at it and said "red car." If Bob's mom is a follower of Skinner's Theory of Language Acquisition, what will she do now?
Provide Bob with positive reinforcement
The assumed capacity of short-term memory
What is 7 plus/minus 2? OR What is 4 plus/minus 1?
After looking at a grocery list, Bob only recalls the first two items on the list: milk and cheese. Explain the most likely reason that this occurred.
What is when person recalls the first items of a list better. Milk and cheese are the first terms of the list and are recalled best.
This person created a theory of intelligences that helps explain why some people with intellectual disabilities may be very gifted in specific areas. (Person, theory of intelligence, and name of this syndrome)
Who is Gardner, multiple intelligences, and savant syndrome
A heuristic that involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
What is the availability heuristic?
Increased access to schooling and more demanding curricula are proposed explanations for this trend of increasing IQ scores over the last 100 years
What is the Flynn effect?
Language disorders caused by damage to the brain structures that support using and understanding language
What is aphasia?
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event based on previous experience with the object or event
What is a schema?
Multiple-choice, true-false, and matching questions are examples of this method of measuring retention/forgetting
What is a recognition measure?
Proposed "working memory" as a more complex model of short-term memory
Who is Alan Baddeley?
The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
What is functional fixedness?
The psychometric property used to assess the extent to which the items on an intelligence test measure a person's intelligence
What is construct validity?
Area of the brain most associated with finding the meaning of words.
What is Wernicke's Area?
Bob tells Jeff that it is a good idea to study while drinking orange juice. A couple months later, Jeff tells his friend the same things, thinking that he came up with it on his own and forgetting that Bob was the one who gave him the idea. What did Jeff experience?
What is source amnesia?
Theory proposing that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade over time
What is decay theory?
The 2 factors did John Horn and Raymond Cattell divided intelligence into
What are Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Describe Wolfgang Kohler's experiment.
Kohler had several chimps & locked each of them in a cage with bananas hanging out of reach from the ceiling. Eventually, some realized that they could put the two small sticks into the big stick to knock the bananas down or stack the boxes to reach the bananas, demonstrating insight learning.
Why are older people not very good at adapting to modern technology?
Fluid intelligence tends to decrease with age.
They are GRAMMATICAL RULES for ordering words in sentences
What is syntax?