Classical Conditioning
A child fears a loud vacuum. They now cry when they see the vacuum.
What is Conditioned Stimulus?
- The sight of the vacuum, it was neutral, but now the child predicts noise.
Every time Bethel cleans her room, my parents give me $10. As a result, she cleans her room more often.
What is positive reinforcement?
- The money is desirable, therefore making Bethel increase behavior.
A group for friends originally thinks skipping class is wrong, but after talking together, they all start agreeing that it is not a big deal.
- The group members push toward a more extreme version of the original belief.
A student fails a test and says, “The teacher made it unfair on purpose,” instead of admitting they didn’t study.
What is rationalization?
-Rationalization is when someone creates logical-sounding excuses to avoid accepting the real reason for failure or discomfort.
A student is motivated to pursue art and personal growth, even though it won’t make them a lot of money, because it makes them feel fulfilled.
What is self-actualization?
- Self-actualization is the humanistic idea of reaching your full potential and becoming the best version of yourself.
After Wengal tried sushi once, she got sick. Now she cannot stand the scent of sushi.
What is taste aversion?
- It is biological disposition to avoid "toxic" foods.
Whenever Ms.P finishes grading assignments, the principal stops reminding her to finish her work. Ms.P starts grading assignments more often.
- Something unpleasant (being reminded) is removed to increase a behavior.
During a group project, Alganesh notices a major mistake in the plan, but nobody says anything because she assumes someone else will.
What is diffusion of responsiblity?
- Occurs when people assume others will take action, so no individual takes responsibility.
After getting yelled at by a coach, a player goes home and snaps at their younger sibling for no reason.
What is displacement?
- Displacement happens when emotions are redirected from the real source of stress to a safer or unrelated target.
A teenager feels safe talking to their parents about mistakes because they know they won’t be judged or rejected.
What is unconditional positive regard?
- Unconditional positive regard is when someone is accepted and valued no matter what they say or do.
Chemo patients often feel sick in the waiting room before treatment.
What is conditioned response?
- Nausea in the waiting room, the room is associated with the physiological effects of the medicine.
Ms.P gives Wengal a reward every single time she turns in a assignment on time.
What is continuous reinforcement?
- The behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
A student knows the answer is wrong during a group discussion but stays silent because everyone else confidently agrees on it.
What is groupthink?
- Groupthink happens when the desire for harmony or agreement in a group leads individuals to ignore critical thinking and go along with the majority.
A student is very anxious about an upcoming college decision but insists, “I’m not even stressed about it at all.”
What is denial?
-Denial is refusing to accept reality or a painful truth, even when evidence shows otherwise.
A student sees themselves as shy and quiet, but they wish they were outgoing and confident like their peers.
What is self-concept?
-Self-concept is how you see yourself; when there is a gap between self-concept and ideal self, it creates incongruence (psychological discomfort).
I pair a bell with food, then a light with the bell. Now my dog salivates to the light.
What is Higher Order?
- The bell has gained enough power to act as a unconditioned stimulus fofr a new stimulus.
Ms.P takes away Lorelai's phone after she was on her phone too much in class.
What is negative punishment?
- A pleasant activity is removed to decrease behavior.
At a packed football game, a normally quiet student starts yelling, chanting, and acting aggressively because everyone else is doing it.
What is deindividuation?
-Deindividuation occurs when people lose self-awareness and restraint in a group setting, often leading to behavior they wouldn’t normally do alone.
Someone who is often dishonest says, “Everyone else lies too, I’m not any worse than them.”
What is Projection?
-Projection is when a person attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or behaviors onto others.
A student struggles to focus on schoolwork because they are worried about not having enough food at home.
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
-Maslow’s theory says basic needs like food and safety must be met before higher-level goals like learning and achievement.
Why couldn't Pavlov condition a dog to fetch using a bell?
- Classical conditioning only works with involuntary responses.
A student gets detention for being constantly tardy to first period.
What is positive punishment?
- Decreases a undesirable behavior by introducing an unfavorable outcome.
In a group assignment, one student does most of the work while others contribute very little because they think their effort won’t be noticed.
What is social loafing?
-Social loafing happens when individuals put in less effort in a group because responsibility is shared and individual performance is less visible.
A student who secretly dislikes a class acts overly enthusiastic and constantly praises it in front of the teacher.
What is reaction formation?
- Reaction formation is when someone behaves in the opposite way of what they truly feel to hide unacceptable emotions.
A student only acts “perfect” and follows strict rules because they believe love and approval from their parents depend on it.
What is conditions of worth?
-Conditions of worth occur when a person feels they are only valued if they meet certain expectations, shaping their behavior and self-esteem.