History of Psych/Research Methods
Biological: Neurons
Sensations and Perception
States of Consciousness
Learning
100
The name of a relationship (of data) that appears to be there.
Hint: _____ Correlation
Illusory correlation
100
A-- Dendrites
B-- Soma
C-- Axon Terminal
D-- Myelin Sheath
E-- Nodes of Ranvier
F-- Axon Terminal
100
Is Sensation an example of Top-Down Processing?
NO:
Sensation is using senses to detect or sense information and is an example of bottom-up processing (using senses to detect stimuli like tasting food)
Perception is the brain interpreting info and is an example of top-down processing (using previous experiences to give opinion: Bad pizza experience-->I hate pizza)
100
What is the name of the sleep where vivid dreams occur, muscles are paralyzed, and nightmares occur here.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep
100
What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study (kids who watched adults praised for beating bobo doll tended to do the same) show?
Observational learning
200
What was the first American school of psychology that applied Darwin’s thoughts in terms of how an organism adapts (natural selection) and functions in its environment? Who was the supporter?
Functionalism; William James
200
What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?
Agonist- mimics neurotransmitter; For example, opiates (like heroin/motrin) mimics endorphins
Antagonist- blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter; For example a poison called curare blocks AcH (acetylcholine) resulting in paralysis
200
What is the straining of the eye muscles when objects come too close called?
Convergence
200
What is the difference between Alpha, Beta, and Delta brain waves?
Alpha waves- alert but drowsy could fall asleep
Beta waves- is wide awake
Delta waves- deep sleep during NREM stage 4
200
What is the method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior? Through this method, behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and behavior that is punished will be decreased.
Operant conditioning (B. F. Skinner)
300
What was the first school of psychology that studied the internal components of consciousness or how our brain works? Who was the supporter?
Structuralism; Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener
300
The period after a neuron fires an action potential and cannot fire another action potential until the neuron returns back to the original resting potential -70 charge
Refractory period (Hyperpolarization)
300
Vibrations cause basilar membrane to move causing the sensory receptors for hearing to move allowing us to hear. What are these receptors called?
Hair Cells (Cilia)
300
What is the Restorative theory of sleep?
REM sleep restores brain / NREM restores body
300
What is a mental representation of a familiar place that was previously learned through reinforcement?
Cognitive Map
400
Precise instructions how each variable will be manipulated or measured in an experiment- helps others to later do same experiment
Operational definitions
400
Division of the PNS that is in control of involuntary processing (digestion, heartbeat)?
Autonomic Nervous System
400
What is the name for the ability to sense our body position and movement of our body parts?
Kinesthetic Sense
Movement is detected through proprioceptors (receptors that give information about location of individual body parts)
400
What cycles occurs every 24 hours based on environmental cues- if no cues have a tendency to drift toward a 25 hour schedule? What specific brain region monitors it?
Circadian rhythms; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in the Hypothalamus
400
What is learning that takes place but isn’t shown until it needs to be or when reinforcement is given like at a football game
Latent Learning
500
Name the study that examines and makes comparisons among different groups like age, gender.
Cross-sectional study
500
What is the difference between sensory, motor, and interneurons?
Sensory neurons-- sense info from environment; travel through afferent nerves (nerves are bundle of axons) in the peripheral nervous system
Motor neurons-- carry out muscle movement; travel through efferent nerves in the peripheral nervous system
Interneurons-- located in the central nervous system
500
Theory that states that small fibers open gate (feels pain) and large fibers close gate; Endorphins and distractions block the pain.
Gate control theory of pain
500
What are the two theories for Hypnosis?
State theory-- during hypnosis an altered state of consciousness is produced
Role theory-- a person just acts as if they were hypnotized based on what others tell them they should feel or act
500
What is the difference between a Primary and Secondary Reinforcer?
Primary reinforcer – needed for survival (food, water, pain reduction)
Secondary or conditioned reinforcer - learned reinforcer like money or pay raises