Cognition
The increased firing of neurons due to learning of new information resulting in a memory trace or path produced in brain.
Long-term potentiation
Certain behaviors must happen at certain times- attachment must happen at birth/ language must happen by age 11-12
What scientist focused on the collective unconscious?
Carl Jung
What is the difference between GAD, Panic disorder, and phobias?
Generalized anxiety disorder-- anxiety about generally everything; continuous anxiety
Panic disorder – unexplainable panic attacks
Phobia - irrational fear
What is the actor-Observer bias?
Aattributing behavior of another to internal or personal dispositional factors, but attributing your own behavior in same situation to external (situational) factors.
Clinging to an existing belief or opinion regardless of new contradictory information.
Belief perseverance
What was Erik Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust concept?
Trust must happen to form attachment and also for later developmental tasks like identity in adolescence to happen
Substituting acceptable actions or thoughts for unacceptable unconscious thoughts or actions; playing football instead of displaying aggression
Sublimation
Two or more distinct personalities not aware of one another; Causes could include repression of latent material or traumatic episodes
Dissociative identity disorder
Discomfort that arises when action does not match beliefs or when two thoughts conflict with each other often reduced through making excuses or rationalization instead of admitting one is wrong or sorry
Cognitive dissonance
Describe the serial position effect, primacy effect, and recency effect.
Serial position effect-- items in the middle or most likely to be forgotten
Primacy effect refers to an individual's tendency to remember the first items of a list
Recency effect refers to an individual's tendency to remember the last items of a list
What are Kohlberg's 3 types of moralities?
Preconventional Morality-- based on avoiding punishments obtaining rewards
Conventional morality-- based on reputation or what others are doing or expect behavior of one should be
Postconventional morality-- high ethics; personal reasons for choices
Beliefs about oneself that are influenced by conditional positive regard
Self-concept
Anxiety or stress is converted in a loss of physical functioning or sensory system- blindness due to traumatic event
Conversion disorder
Attribute success to internal dispositional or personal factors, but when fail blame on external situational factors
Self-serving bias
Scientists who said that language is innate (born with universal grammar- innate knowledge for development of language)
Noam Chomsky
Measurement of what children can do alone versus when others, like parents, are present
Zone or proximal development
Personality results from cognitive (self-efficacy beliefs), behavior, and environmental factors
Reciprocal determinism
The model that suggests disorders are the result of genetics and how much stress a person encounters
Diathesis-stress model
Attributing behavior of another to internal (dispositional) factors (being lazy) and underestimating situational attributions or factors
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
What is the difference between iconic and echoic memory
iconic memory-- visual sensory memory that is very brief
echoic memory-- auditory sensory memory lasts longer than iconic memory
What are the stages of Jean Piaget's stage theory?
Sensory-motor stage-- object permanence (understanding that an object exists even though it cannot be seen)
Preoperational stage-- symbolic thinking (a box is a symbol for a fort) but no logical thinking includes egocentrism - inability to take another point of view
Concrete Stage-- thinking logically only about concrete concepts
Formal operational stage-- abstract reasoning which is forming hypothesis or if/ then scenarios
What is the difference between cardinal, source, and surface traits?
Cardinal trait-- most influential trait that determines personality
Source traits-- building blocks of personality
Surface traits-- what other people can see often based on the social setting
Imagined illness
Hypochondrias
What did Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study show?
Showed that situational factors and power dynamics played a significant role in shaping participants' behavior. The guards became abusive and authoritarian, while the prisoners became submissive and emotionally distressed.