Neuro
Respiration
Phonation
Disorders
Potpourri
100
These are the two divisions of the nervous system.
What are the central and the peripheral nervous system.
100
This law states the pressure and volume are inversely related.
What is Boyle's law.
100
These are non-speech functions of the larynx.
What are holding breath, coughing, clearing the throat, closing off the airway for swallowing...
100
A loss of language due to brain injury (often due to stroke)
What is aphasia
100
A sine wave that repeats itself over and over with only one frequency.
What is a pure tone (simple periodic wave)
200
These are the lobes of the cerebrum.
What are frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
200
Moving our articulators to obstruct airflow in certain ways allows for the production of these speech sounds.
What are consonants: stops, fricatives, and affricates.
200
These are two types of sound produced in speech.
What are periodic (produced by vibrating vocal folds) and aperiodic (produced by supraglottal articulatory structures).
200
Damage to the cerebellum can result in this.
What is ataxic dysarthria (a speech disorder characterized by articulation problems, issues with phonation and prosody -coordination and timing)
200
These sound waves consist of multiple frequencies that are multiples of the lowest frequency.
What are complex waves.
300
These three cortical structures are associated with language.
What are Broca's area, Wernicke's area, Heschel's gyrus (primary auditory cortex). Others include...
300
The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume make up this.
What is vital capacity.
300
This theory describes phonation in general.
What is the myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation. Myo-: Muscles adduct vocal folds, establish levels of tension and elasticity Elasticity: Allows vocal folds to stretch and return in each cycle Aerodynamic: Subglottal pressure from the lungs drives vibration Physical (especially aerodynamic): Forces set the vocal folds into motion in each cycle
300
These motor disorders can impact speech because they result in irregular breathing.
What are cerebral palsy, Parkinson's, ALS... also people with apraxia of speech and stuttering can experience respiratory irregularities
300
When an object vibrates at the same frequency of a sound, it amplifies the sound wave due to this.
What is resonance.
400
These nerves innervate the larynx and most articulatory structures.
What are cranial nerves (e.g., facial, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, and vagus).
400
These are three accessory muscles of inspiration.
What are external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, serratus posterior superior, levator costarum...
400
These laryngeal muscles adduct the folds.
What are lateral cricoarytenoids and interarytenoids (transverse and oblique) Note the only vocal fold abductor is the posterior cricoarytenoid.
400
This voice disorder results in the inability to initiate or maintain phonation.
What is spasmodic dysphonia.
400
This equals the velocity of sound (c, 344 m/s) divided by frequency (f).
What is wavelength (lambda)- the distance in space that one cycle of a sound wave occupies.
500
This cortical area is responsible for voluntary control of movements, including face and mouth movements used for speech and mastication.
What is the prefrontal cortex, "motor strip".
500
These are some differences in volumes and pressures of quiet tidal respiration as compared to speech breathing.
What are volume 500 ml vs. 1,000-2,000 ml; pressure +/- 2 cmH2O vs. +/- 7-10; percentage of cycle (insp. vs. exp) 40%-60% for quiet tidal, 10%-90% for speech breathing
500
Greater resistance by the vocal folds to increased airflow through the glottis results in this.
What is increased vocal intensity (louder voice) (p. 85-86)
500
These are the "typical" fundamental frequencies for women, and for men.
What are 225 Hz (women) and 125 Hz (men)
500
This is the way to calculate frequency of a sound wave.
What is 1/period (time of one cycle in seconds).
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