Sampling Basics
Sampling Distributions
Survey Design
Vocab
100

Drawing a sample without replacement is called what kind of sampling?

Sampling without replacement

100

The standard error of the mean is equal to the population standard deviation divided by what?

The square root of the sample size

100

What are the three main types of survey questions?

  • Dichotomous: Yes/No or True/False answers.
  • Multiple-choice: Select one answer from a list.
  • Likert scale: Rate agreement on a scale (e.g., strongly disagree to strongly agree).
100

What is the definition of Population?

The entire group of individuals that information is wanted about.

200

 A statistic calculated from a sample is called a what?

Statistic

200

What is the Central Limit Theorem?

The theorem states that as the sample size increases, the sampling distribution of the mean will become more normally distributed, regardless of the shape of the population distribution.

200

What are some of the potential biases that can be introduced in survey design?

  • Sampling bias: The sample is not representative of the population, leading to inaccurate results.
  • Non-response bias: People who don't respond may differ from those who do, skewing results.
  • Selection bias: Choosing participants based on easily accessible groups, excluding others.
  • Question-wording bias: Questions phrased to lead respondents toward specific answers.
  • Social desirability bias: Respondents answer how they think they should, not how they feel.
200

What is the definition of a Sample?

A subset of the population from which we actually collect data.

300

 What is the difference between a simple random sample and a stratified random sample?

Simple random sample: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Stratified random sample: The population is divided into groups (strata), and then a random sample is drawn from each stratum.

300

If a sample size is large enough, the sampling distribution of the mean will be approximately what?

Normally distributed

300

How can you ensure that your survey is representative of the population you are interested in?

  • Random sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
  • Stratified sampling: Divide the population into groups and randomly select from each.
  • Cluster sampling: Randomly select clusters of individuals from the population.
  • Weighting: Adjust results to reflect population demographics.
300

What is the definition of a sample survey?

 A survey in which data is collected from a sample of the population.

400

What are the two main types of bias in surveys?

Non-response bias: When some members of the population do not respond to the survey. Selection bias: When the sample is not representative of the population.

400

What is the difference between a population distribution and a sampling distribution?

A population distribution shows the spread of values for the entire population, while a sampling distribution shows the spread of possible values for a statistic calculated from samples drawn from the population.

400

What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting surveys?

  • Informed consent: Participants understand the purpose and risks of the survey.
  • Anonymity and confidentiality: Participants' data is kept confidential.
  • Voluntary participation: Participation is voluntary and without coercion.
  • Avoiding harmful or offensive questions: Sensitive topics are treated respectfully.
400

What is the definition of a census?

 A survey in which data is collected from the entire population.

500

What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?

Parameter: A characteristic of the entire population. Statistic: A characteristic of a sample.

500

Suppose we are interested in estimating the average height of adult males in the United States. We randomly selected a sample of 100 adult males and measured their heights. The sample mean is 70 inches with a standard deviation of 2.5 inches.

  1. What is the sampling distribution of the mean in this situation?

Distribution: Normal 

Mean: 70 inches

500

 How can you increase the response rate to your survey?

  • Keep surveys short and engaging.
  • Personalize invitations and offer incentives.
  • Provide clear instructions and easy access to the survey.
  • Follow up with non-respondents.
  • Offer different response options (online, paper, etc.).
500

What is the definition of a parameter?

A characteristic of the entire population.

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