Vocab
The art and science of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data:
The art and science of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data: Statistics.
A ________ is a characteristic that can take different values for different observational units.
A variable is a characteristic that can take different values for different observational units.
Diana wants to use a pictograph to represent some data, but Muxi warns her that it's a bad idea. Why did Muxi do that?
Diana wants to use a pictograph to represent some data, but Muxi warns her that it's a bad idea. Why did Muxi do that?
Because the area represented by most pictographs is not proportional to the actual difference in the data.
Mason wants to know about BBSZ high school students' favorite sports. So he finds and asks every single BBSZ high school student, one by one. Because he collected data from every individual in his population, he has performed a ________.
Mason wants to know about BBSZ high school students' favorite sports. So he finds and asks every single BBSZ high school student, one by one. Because he collected data from every individual in his population, he has performed a census.
A _______ is a number that describes some characteristic of a sample. A _______ is a characteristic that describes some characteristic of a population.
A statistic is a number that describes some characteristic of a sample. A parameter is a characteristic that describes some characteristic of a population.
Jerry has collected some categorical data and made a visual display with a segmented bar graph with percentage on the y-axis. However, the sample sizes of the two categorical variables on the x-axis are very different. What visual display can he create that accounts for this difference in sample size?
Jerry has collected some categorical data and made a visual display with a segmented bar graph with percentage on the y-axis. However, the sample sizes of the two categorical variables on the x-axis are very different. What visual display can he create that accounts for this difference in sample size?
Mosaic plot
Double Points!
Some AP Statistics students are doing a survey. Assuming their data follows an approximately distribution, what is the probability that the result will be within 3 standard deviations of the mean?
Some AP Statistics students are doing a survey. Assuming their data follows an approximately distribution, what is the probability that the result will be within 3 standard deviations of the mean?
99.7%
A ___________ variable can take on any value in an interval.
A continuous quantitative variable can take on any value in an interval.
An ___________ is an item or individual described in a data set or statistical study.
An observational unit is an item or individual described in a data set or statistical study.
Hank has collected some categorical that he would like to display visually. Give at least 3 different ways he could represent categorical data.
Hank has collected some categorical that he would like to display visually. Give at least 4 different ways he could represent categorical data.
Bar graph, pie chart, two-way table, segmented bar graph, side-by-side bar graph, mosaic plot...
Andy read about a survey in which a sample of 20 teachers and 60 students in BBSZ shared their preference between coffee/tea. For teachers: 10/20 prefer coffee, 8/20 prefer tea, and 2/10 have no preference.
For students: 30/60 prefer tea, 10/60 prefer coffee, and 20/60 have no preference.
He used his knowledge from AP Statistics to determine if there's an association between student/teacher and drink preference. What did he find?
Andy read about a survey in which a sample of 20 teachers and 60 students in BBSZ shared their preference between coffee/tea. For teachers: 10/20 prefer coffee, 8/20 prefer tea, and 2/10 have no preference.
For students: 30/60 prefer tea, 10/60 prefer coffee, and 20/60 have no preference.
He used his knowledge from AP Statistics to determine if there's an association between student/teacher and drink preference. What did he find?
There is an association; knowing someone is a teacher makes them more likely to prefer coffee, knowing someone is a student makes them more likely to prefer tea, etc.
Association does not imply causation due to potential __________ variables.
Association does not imply causation due to potential confounding variables.
When we collect a sample of data from a population, we analyze it and hope to ___________ from that sample about the population.
When we collect a sample of data from a population, we analyze it and hope to make an inference from that sample about the population.
Hermione takes a sample of 20 teachers and 60 students in BBSZ on preference between coffee and tea. She finds that for teachers: 10/20 prefer coffee, 8/20 prefer tea, and 2/10 have no preference.
For students, she finds that 30/60 prefer tea, 10/60 prefer coffee, and 20/60 have no preference.
What is the distribution of the marginal relative frequency of drink preference for her survey?
Hermione takes a sample of 20 teachers and 60 students in BBSZ on preference between coffee and tea. She finds that for teachers: 10/20 prefer coffee, 8/20 prefer tea, and 2/10 have no preference.
For students, she finds that 30/60 prefer tea, 10/60 prefer coffee, and 20/60 have no preference.
What is the distribution of the marginal relative frequency of drink preference for her survey?
Coffee: 20/80, Tea: 38/80, No Preference: 22/80
Lucas read about a survey in which a sample of 20 teachers and 60 students in BBSZ shared their preference between coffee/tea. For teachers: 10/20 prefer coffee, 8/20 prefer tea, and 2/10 have no preference.
For students: 30/60 prefer tea, 10/60 prefer coffee, and 20/60 have no preference.
Using his knowledge from AP Statistics, he decided to calculate a conditional relative frequency. Give an example of what that could be.
Lucas read about a survey in which a sample of 20 teachers and 60 students in BBSZ shared their preference between coffee/tea. For teachers: 10/20 prefer coffee, 8/20 prefer tea, and 2/10 have no preference.
For students: 30/60 prefer tea, 10/60 prefer coffee, and 20/60 have no preference.
Using his knowledge from AP Statistics, he decided to calculate a conditional relative frequency. Give an example of what that could be.
Ex: Probability someone has no preference given they're a teacher is 2/20
Explain clearly the difference between these 3 terms:
Causation, Correlation, Association
Explain clearly the difference between these 3 terms:
Causation, Correlation, Association
Association describes any relationship between two variables.
Correlation describes a linear relationship between two variables.
Causation describes an association where there is cause and effect between the two variables.
What are the 4 steps in the statistical problem-solving process?
What are the 4 steps in the statistical problem-solving process?
Formulate questions, collect data, analyze results, interpret results
Explain why we can't use standard deviation to describe categorical data.
Explain why we can't use standard deviation to describe categorical data.
SD measures the typical variability of data from the mean. You can't calculate a mean of categories.