Simulations
What is a simulation?
An imitation of chance behavior based on a model.
What is voluntary response bias?
When people select themselves to participate in a study
What is a Simple Random Sample
Every individual has an equal chance of being chosen
What is an observational study
Observe outcomes without imposing any treatment (no manipulation to subjects)
What is a population in sampling design
The entire group of individuals we want information about
In a simulation, what is the “stopping rule”
“Continue selecting until…” a specific condition is met
What is nonresponse bias?
When individuals chosen for the sample cannot be contacted or refuse to participate
Describe stratified random sampling
Divide the population into strata and perform a simple random sample within each stratum
Define a control group
A group used for comparison that can receive a placebo
Define a sample
A part of the population that is examined to gather information
How would you describe the simulation process?
Select digits to represent outcomes, assign ranges, continue selecting until the condition is met, and record results for multiple trials
Define convenience sampling
Sampling individuals who are easy to reach
How does systematic random sampling work
Randomly selecting a starting number (n) and then choose every nth person thereafter
What is double blinding
Neither the participants nor the evaluators know which treatment a subject receives
What is a sampling frame?
a list of every individual in the population
If 9% of people have B+ blood, how would you simulate finding someone with B+ blood
Use two digit numbers: 00-08 for B+ and 09-99 for others, and continue selecting until you find a B+
Explain under coverage bias
When some groups are left out of the sampling process
What is a cluster random sample
Randomly selecting clusters and survey all individuals within the chosen clusters
Describe a completely randomized design
Experimental units are assigned to treatments completely at random
Explain the purpose of a census
A complete count of the population to gather general information
What is the purpose of recording multiple trials in a simulation?
To ensure the reliability and accuracy of the simulation results
What is wording bias
When the wording of a question influences the answers given
The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified sample
Stratified sampling includes an equal representation of the diverse group, while cluster sampling uses members from the entire group
What is a randomized block design
Experimental units are divided into blocks based on a variable and then randomly assigned to treatments within each block
What is a matched pairs design
A special type of block design where units are matched by similar characteristics and then randomly assigned to different treatments