Native Societies
This crop, which spread from present-day Mexico to the American Southwest, fostered economic development and social diversification
What is Maize (Corn)?
This was the most devastating "export" from the Old World to the New World, causing a 50–90% decline in native populations.
What is infectious disease (Smallpox, etc.)?
These are the "Three Gs" often cited as the primary motivations for Spanish exploration.
What are Gold, Glory, and God?
In this system, the Spanish crown granted colonists land and the right to extract forced labor from the local native population.
What is the Encomienda System?
European and Native American worldviews differed most significantly regarding the ownership of this.
What is Land?
Because of the aridity of this specific geographic region (between the Rockies and Sierra Nevadas), tribes like the Shoshone developed largely mobile lifestyles.
What is the Great Basin?
The introduction of this animal from Europe revolutionized the culture and mobility of Great Plains Indians.
What is the horse?
This 1494 agreement, mediated by the Pope, divided the "New World" between Spain and Portugal.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
This racial hierarchy system was developed by the Spanish to define the status of the population based on their "purity of blood."
What is the Casta System?
This term refers to the "false" perception, often promoted by the English, that the Spanish were uniquely cruel and abusive toward Native Americans.
What is the Black Legend?
DAILY DOUBLE
This agricultural technique involved growing corn, beans, and squash together to maximize land use and soil fertility.
What is Three-Sister Farming?
This economic system in Europe began to replace Feudalism as a result of the influx of New World mineral wealth (gold/silver).
What is Capitalism?
This Spanish priest became a famous critic of the harsh treatment of Native Americans and advocated for their rights.
Who is Bartolomé de Las Casas?
This term refers to people of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.
What are Mestizos?
Unlike the English, who sought to expel natives, the Spanish sought to do this to them, often through the mission system.
What is convert/incorporate (Christianize)?
This powerful political confederacy in the Northeast used military alliance to sustain a permanent presence in the Ohio River Valley.
What is the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee)?
Crops like the potato and maize led to a massive population "explosion" in this continent.
What is Europe?
This 1550-1551 event featured a formal debate over the morality of the conquest and the humanity of Native Americans.
What is the Valladolid Debate?
As native populations declined due to disease, Europeans began to source labor from this continent to work on sugar plantations.
What is Africa?
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda used this philosopher’s concept of "natural slavery" to justify Spanish dominance over Native Americans.
Who is Aristotle?
These people of the Southwest are known for their multi-storied adobe dwellings and complex irrigation systems.
Who are the Pueblo?
These types of business organizations, like the Virginia Company, were formed to fund expensive and risky New World explorations.
What are Joint-Stock Companies?
This Spanish explorer is credited with the first "discovery" of the Americas while searching for a westward route to Asia.
Who is Christopher Columbus?
These were Spanish military outposts or forts often built alongside missions to protect colonial interests.
What are Presidios?
This specific misunderstanding involved gender roles, as Europeans viewed Native American men as "lazy" because they did this activity while women farmed.
What is hunting?