European Rivals
Unlike English settlers, these two European powers sent relatively few colonists and relied on trade partnerships, intermarriage, and alliances with Native Americans to extract furs.
What are France and the Netherlands (the Dutch)?
This colonial region had an economy centered on small family farms, timber, and shipbuilding, and was largely populated by Puritans seeking a religious community.
What is New England?
The economic philosophy holding that colonies exist solely to enrich the mother country through raw materials and controlled markets.
What is mercantilism?
Britain's unofficial policy of loosely enforcing trade regulations, which allowed the colonies to develop independent legislative assemblies.
What is salutary neglect?
Banished from Massachusetts Bay for advocating complete separation of church and state and fair treatment of Native Americans, he went on to found Rhode Island.
What is Roger Williams?
This 1680 uprising in present-day New Mexico saw Native Americans temporarily expel Spanish colonizers after decades of religious persecution and forced labor.
What is the Pueblo Revolt (or Popé’s Rebellion)?
The Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland relied on this cash crop as their primary economic engine.
What is tobacco?
Passed by Parliament starting in the 1650s, these laws required colonial goods to be transported on British ships and sold only to Britain.
What are the Navigation Acts?
This 18th-century religious revival swept through the colonies, emphasizing personal faith, emotional preaching, and questioning traditional church authority.
What is the First Great Awakening?
This religious group, formally known as the Society of Friends, settled Pennsylvania under William Penn, advocating pacifism, religious freedom, and gender equality.
Who are the Quakers?
This Spanish labor system forced Native Americans to work on plantations and in mines before being largely replaced by African labor.
What is the Encomienda system?
Known as the "breadbasket colonies," this region was characterized by ethnic diversity, religious tolerance, and commercial trade in grains.
What are the Middle Colonies?
Before chattel slavery dominated the Chesapeake, this labor arrangement supplied most farm hands in exchange for passage across the Atlantic.
What is indentured servitude?
The process by which British colonists adopted English political norms, culture, and architecture, tightening bonds with the mother country.
What is Anglicization?
She was tried and banished from New England for her antinomian views, arguing that salvation came through divine grace rather than good works or obedience to clergy.
Who is Anne Hutchinson?
The French term for the children of European fur traders and Native American women, who played key roles as cultural intermediaries.
What are Métis?
These southern insular colonies relied heavily on enslaved African labor to produce sugar, serving as the economic model for labor systems in South Carolina.
What are the British West Indies (e.g., Barbados)?
The infamous leg of the Triangular Trade network that forcibly transported millions of Africans across the Atlantic under brutal conditions.
What is the Middle Passage?
European intellectual movement that emphasized reason, natural rights, and science, heavily influencing colonial political thought through figures like John Locke.
What is the Enlightenment?
This 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina was the largest armed rebellion by enslaved people in the mainland British colonies during the colonial era.
What is the Stono Rebellion?
This 1675–1676 New England conflict between English colonists and a coalition of Native nations led by a Wampanoag chief resulted in massive casualties and weakened Native resistance in the region.
What is King Philip's War (or Metacom's War)?
Settled by Puritans in 1630, this colony was envisioned by Governor John Winthrop as a model Christian community or a "City upon a Hill."
What is the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
This 1676 Virginia rebellion exposed class tensions between poor frontier settlers and elite planters, accelerating the colony's shift from indentured servants to enslaved African labor.
What is Bacon's Rebellion?
Founded in 1632 by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics, this colony passed the Act of Toleration in 1649 to protect Trinitarian Christians.
What is Maryland?
Introduced by New England Puritans in 1662, this policy allowed the children of partial church members to be baptized, keeping the younger generation connected to the church as religious zeal declined.
What is the Half-Way Covenant?